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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Oppositely charged ions are attracted and held together in an ___________ bond. |
Ionic |
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This type of chemical bond occurs between what two types of elements? |
A metal on the left-side of the periodic table and a non-metal on the right-side of the periodic table. |
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Sometimes atoms will _________ their valence electrons to achieve 8 electrons in their outermost energy shell. |
Share |
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This occurs between what two elements on the periodic table? |
A non-metal atom found on the right side of the right side of the periodic table, and another non-metal atom on the same right side of the periodic table. |
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What is that bond called? |
Covalent bond. |
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Sharing two pairs of electrons is called a _________ covalent bond. |
Double |
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Sharing three pairs of electrons is called a _____________ covalent bond. |
Triple |
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Put these covalent bonds from shortest to longest. |
Triple covalent bonds, Double covalent bonds, and then single covalent bonds. |
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What is it called when electrons are equally shared between atoms? |
Non-polar covalent bond. |
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What is it called when electrons are not equally shared between atoms? |
It is recognized as a polar covalent bond. |
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What is an isotope? |
An isotope is different versions of the same element due to a different number of neutrons in the nucleus. |
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Some isotopes of an element are unstable and ____________. |
Radioactive. (Cue music here... hahaha) |
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Low levels of radiation is used in __________ medicine. |
Nuclear |
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What is a bad thing about these medical tracers? |
They can harm cells, damage DNA, and cause cancer. |
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Why must all chemical equations be balanced? |
It must comply with the law of conservation, meaning that matter cannot be destroyed or created. |
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What is the pH scale? |
The pH scale is an inverse and logarithmic scale. |
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What does the scale measure? |
The scale measures hydrogen ion concentrations. |
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H+ |
This is a hydrogen ion. |
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[ ] |
This means concentration. |
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The lower the number [On the pH scale], the _________ the [H+]. |
higher |
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The higher the number [on the pH scale], the ____________ the [H+] |
lower |
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Each pH unit is a ten-fold ____________ or ___________ of the [H+]. |
increase...decrease |
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Solutions with greater the amounts of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions are classified as ______________. |
basic solutions |
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Solutions with greater concentrations of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions are classified as _______________. |
acidic solutions |
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Solutions with an equal concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are classified as ________________. |
neutral solutions |
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What is Bromothymol Blue an indicator of? |
Acidity |
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What is Phenolphthalein an indicator of? |
If it is basic or not. (HAHAH...) |
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Why does water have such unique qualities? |
It is because of hydrogen bonding between the water molecules. |
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Water has a __________ heat capacity. This is seen when water takes a long time to heat up and to cool down. |
high |
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Water also has a _______ heat of vaporization. |
high |
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Water also has a __________ surface tension. |
high |
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What is cohesion? |
Water molecule sticking to each other. |
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What is adhesion? |
Water molecules sticking to polar/other surfaces. |
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Water is known as the universal __________ of life. |
solvent |
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What is a solvent? |
A dissolving agent. |
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What is a solute? |
A substance that has already dissolved. |
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Solid water (ice) is _________ dense than liquid water because of ______________________. |
less...hydrogen bonding |
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When water ionizes, it releases an equal number of ___________ ions and ____________ ions. |
negative...positive |
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Name the prefix for each of the numbers:
1 _____________ 2 _____________ 3 _____________ 4 _____________ 5 _____________ |
1: mono- 2: di- 3: tri- 4: tetra- 5: penta- |
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Name the prefix for each of the numbers: 6 _______________ 7 _______________ 8 _______________ 9 _______________ 10 ______________ |
6: hexa- 7: hepta- 8: octa- 9: nona- 10: deca- |
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H2O |
Water |
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O3 |
Ozone |
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NH3 |
Ammonia |
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NO |
Nitric Oxide |
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NO2 |
Nitrous Oxide |
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What are rows called on the periodic table? |
Periods. |
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What are columns called on the periodic table? |
Groups or families. |
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What is an element? |
A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances using ordinary chemical means. |
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What is the atomic number of an atom? |
The number of protons the atom has. |
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What is the atomic mass or mass number in an atom? |
The mass of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. |
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What is an ion? |
A charged atom with unbalanced # of protons to # of electrons. |
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What is a cation? |
A positively charged ion. |
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What is an anion? |
A negatively charged ion. |
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How many electrons to each electron shell. |
2 in the first shell 8 in the second shell 18 in the third shell 32 in the fourth shell |
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What are valence electrons? |
Electrons in the outermost shell. |
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What do valence electrons determine? |
The chemical reactivity of the atom. (Only the valence electrons are involved in the bonding between atoms. |
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What is the octet rule? |
All atoms need to have a full outer shell of 8 electrons to be stable. |
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When atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell, what does it create? |
A covalent bond between the atoms. (Nonmetal + Nonmetal). |
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When atoms give or receive atoms to achieve a full outer shell, what is it called? |
This is an ionic bond between the atoms. (Metal + Nonmetal). |
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What do columns indicate in the periodic table? |
The number of valence electrons in the element's outermost shell. |
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What do rows indicate in the periodic table? |
The number of electron shells in the element. |
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Would changing the number of protons in the element change it into a different element? |
Yes. |
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What are the six elements common to all life? |
Sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and phosphorus. |
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Name P2O5. |
di-phosphorus pentoxide. |
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Name N2O3 |
di-nitrogen trioxide |
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Name CBr4 |
carbon tetrabromide |
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What is the three carbon monomer of carbohydrate's chemical formula? |
C3H6O3 |
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True or false, carbon atoms can bond together in straight chains, branched chains, or rings. |
True |
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True or false, large molecules containing carbon atoms are called micromolecules. |
False |
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True or false, polymers are formed by hydrolysis. |
False |
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True or false, cells use carbohydrates for energy. |
True |
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What is matter and give examples? |
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Gas Liquid Solid |
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What is a compound? |
A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. |
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What are trace elements? |
Trace elements are essential to the human life but are needed in only minute quantities. |
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What is an atom? |
The atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains properties from element. |
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What is a proton? |
A proton is a subatomic particle with one positive charge. |
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What is a electron? |
An electron is a subatomic particle with one negative charge. |
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What is a neutron? |
A neutron is a subatomic particle with no charge. |
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What is a nucleus? |
A nucleus is a combination of protons and neutrons tightly packed together to form the central core. |
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What are reactants? |
The starting materials before the chemical reaction. |
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What are products? |
The material resulting from the chemical reaction. |
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What is thermal energy? |
Thermal energy is associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules. |
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What is heat? |
Heat is thermal energy transfer from warmer to cooler bodies of matter. |
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What is temperature? |
Temperature is the average speed of molecules in a body of matter. |
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What is a solution? |
A liquid consisting of uniform mixture of two or more substances. |
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What are buffers? |
Buffers are substances that minimize exchanged in pH. |
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What are organic compounds? |
Organic compounds are carbon-based molecules. |
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What are isomers? |
Isomers are compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural arrangement. |
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What are hydrocarbons? |
They contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms. |
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What are functioning groups? |
They are chemical groups that affect a molecule's function. |
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Hydrophilic? |
Water-loving. |
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Hydroxyl group? |
A hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom.
-OH |
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Carbonyl group? |
A carbon atom double bonde to an oxygen atom.
-C=O |
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Carboxyl group? |
A carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.
-C=O | OH |
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Amino Group? |
Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and a carbon skeleton.
H | -N-H |
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Phosphat group? |
A phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. |
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Methyl Group? |
carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon skeleton. |
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Macromolecules? |
gigantic molecules. |
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polymers? |
small chains of molecules. |
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monomers? |
building blocks of polymers. |
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Dehydration reaction? |
Reaction that removes a molecule of water as two monomers bond together. |
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Hydrolysis? |
Reaction that adds water to a polymer to break it up into two monomers. |
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Enzymes? |
Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reaction in cells. (Protein) |
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Carbohydrates? |
The class of molecules that range from small sugar molecules to large polysaccharides like starch molecules. |
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Monosaccharides? |
Monomers of carbohydrates. |
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Glucose? |
A common monosaccharide if central importance in the chemistry of life.
C6H12O6 |
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What is a disaccharide? |
A disaccharide is two monosaccharides bonded together. |
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Trans Fats |
Trans fats are harmful polysaccharides with detrimental effects on cardiovascular health. |
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What are polysaccharides? |
Polysaccharides are macromolecules, polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reaction. [poly saccharides are structural and storage molecules]. |
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Starch? |
A storage polysaccharide in plants with long glucose monomers. |
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Glycogen? |
A polysaccharide that stores glucose in animals. |
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Cellulose? |
An abundant polysaccharide on earth that helps make up the tough outer wall in plant cells. |
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What is chitin? |
Chitin is a structural polysaccharide that is used by insects and crustaceans to build exoskeletons. |
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What are lipids? |
Lipids are a diverse group of molecules classified by a sole common trait, they do not mix well with water. |
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Hydrophopic? |
Water-fearing. |
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Fat? |
A large lipid made from two different kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. |
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What is an unsaturated fatty acid? |
An unsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with one or more double bonds. |
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What is a saturated fatty acid? |
A saturated fatty acid is a fatty acid with no double bonds and thus has more hydrogen packed into it. |
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What are phospholipids? |
Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes. Only two fatty acids are connected to the glycerol. |
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What are steroids? |
Steroids are lipids with a carbon skeleton that has four fused rings. Steroids are made from cholesterol. |
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Cholesterol? |
Cholesterol is common in an animal cell membrane, it is the precursor of making other steroids. |
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What is protein? |
Protein is a polymer of small building blocks of amino acids. |
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Amino acids? |
Are composed with an amino group and a carboxyl group. |
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What is a peptide bond? |
It is a bond between two amino acids with water removed. |
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What is a polypeptide? |
A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids. |
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What is a primary structure? |
It is a precise structure of amino acids in a sequence. |
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What is a secondary structure? |
It is segments that coil and fold into patterns. |
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What is a tertiary structure? |
The tertiary structure is the three dimensional shape. |
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What is the quaternary structure? |
It is proteins with one or more polypeptide chains. |
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What is a gene? |
It is a unit of inheritance. |
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What is RNA |
Ribonucleic Acid It builds proteins out of intermediary nucleic acids. |
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What are nucleotides? |
They are the monomers of nucleic acids. |
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What is a double helix? |
A double helix is two polynucleotides that wrap around each other. |
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What are some properties of carbon? |
It has four valence electrons It can form four covalent bonds It can be single, double, or triple bonded covalently with other atoms. |
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What determines function? |
Shape. |
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What is a keytone group? |
A keytone group is a carbonyl group in the center on the carbon skeleton. |
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What is the function of carbohydrates? |
Short-term energy storage Quick fuel Structural polysaccharides. |
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Monomers of Carbohydrates? |
glucose, fructose, and galactose. |
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Disaccharides of carbohydrates? |
maltose, sucrose, and lactose. |
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Energy storing polysaccharides? |
Starch -- Plant Glycogen -- Animal |
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Structural polysaccharides? |
Cellulose -- plant cell wall Chitin -- fungal cell wall and exoskeleton of some arthropods. |
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What is the function of lipids? |
Long-term energy storage insulation cushioning |
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Examples? |
Fats (Animals) Oils (plants) |
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What are two types of nucleic acids? |
DNA & RNA |
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DNA is the molecule of ____________. |
Heredity. |
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What are the nitrogenous bass for DNA |
A T G C |
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RNA is _____________ stranded. |
Single |
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What are the nitrogenous bases for RNA? |
A U G C |
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How to make nucleotide? |
5-C sugar Nitrogenous base phosphate group |
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ATP? |
Energy currency of the cell. Needed for all cell work. |