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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms.
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phosphate group
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The third stage of cellular respiration, occurring within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, in which most of the ATP is formed.
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ETC - electron transport chain
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Gain of one or more electrons by an atom or a molecule.
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reduction
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A group of atoms that confers a special property on a carbon-based molecule.
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functional group
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The three-stage, oxygen-dependent harvesting of energy that goes on in most cells.
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cellular respiration
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What are the three-stages of cellular respiration?
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1) glycolysis
2) Krebs cycle 3) electron transport chain |
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The most important intermediate electron carrier in cellular respiration.
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NAD+ and NADH
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A compound composed of a defined number of atoms existing in a defined spatial relationship to one another.
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molecule
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A nucleotide that serves as the important energy-transfer molecule in living things.
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ATP - adenosine triphosphate
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A basic constituent of an atom that has negative electrical charge.
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electron
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A lipid molecule formed from three fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
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triglyceride
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An enzyme functioning in cellular respiration that brings together ADP and inorganic phosphate molecules to produce ATP.
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ATP synthase
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The amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1,000 grams of water by 1 degree C.
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Calorie
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A chemically active protein that speed up, or in practical terms enables, chemical reactions in living things.
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enzyme
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Organelles that are the primary sites of energy conversion within eukaryotic cells.
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mitochondrion
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A combination of a reduction and an oxidation reaction in which electrons lost from one substance in oxidation are gained by another in reduction.
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redox reaction
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The second stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner compartment of mitochondria.
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Krebs cycle
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The capacity to bring about movement against an opposing force.
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energy
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A molecule that serves to transfer electrons from one molecule to another in ATP formation.
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electron carrier
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Another name for the Krebs cycle
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Citric acid cycle
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Loss of one or more electrons by an atom or a molecule.
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oxidation
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The first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytosol.
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glycolysis
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A type of accessory molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme, thus allowing the enzyme to bind to its substrate.
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coenzyme
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A notation specifying the elements in a molecule, with the number of atoms of each element in the molecule shown as a subscript.
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molecular formula
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The source of energy for most of the critical functions that occur in our cells is ______.
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ATP
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A molecule that has just gained electrons ______.
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is reduced
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What is a redox reaction?
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a reaction in which one molecule gains electrons and another molecule loses electrons
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In the first few steps of glycolysis, two ATP molecules are actually consumed instead of produced. Why is it that energy must be added to the glucose molecule first before the ultimate harvest of 36 ATP molecules can be attained?
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Glucose is a stable molecule. A certain amount of activation energy must be added before the molecule will release all its stored energy.
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Why does NAD+ pick up electrons and hydrogen ions?
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to assist in energy transfer of these items to the electron transport chain
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The number of oxidation reactions that occur in cells is _____ the number of reduction reactions that occur in cells.
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equal to
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An aerobic pathway requires _______.
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oxygen
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Which of the following metabolic pathways occur(s) in the cytoplasm of the cell? I. Glycolysis II. Fermentation III. Krebs cycle IV. Electron transport chain
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I. Glycolysis and II. Fermentation
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In which of the following metabolic pathways (of cellular respiration) does most of the oxidation of the molecules derived from glucose occur? I. Glycolysis II. Fermentation III. Krebs cycle IV. Electron transport chain
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III. Krebs cycle
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Skeletal muscles can use both aerobic and anaerobic respiration to produce the ATP needed for muscle contractions & can stockpile a small amount of ATP. In prolonged exercise, such as swimming, all three of these processes are used to supply ATP for muscle contraction.
What is the correct order in which these processes are used in the muscle cells during a prolonged swim? 1 anaerobic respiration 2 aerobic respiration 3 ATP/PCr |
ATP/PCr -----> anaerobic respiration -----> aerobic respiration
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The Krebs cycle takes place in what part of the cell?
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mitochondria
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What is given off as a by-product of cellular respiration during the conversion of pyruvic acid (a three-carbon molecule) into acetyl-CoA (a two-carbon molecule)?
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CO^2
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Oxygen is required for aerobic respiration because oxygen ______.
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1) accepts electrons
2) combines with hydrogen ions to make water |
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Although a lot of energy is needed to convert ADP back into ATP, the actual conversion takes place primarily through the work of one enzyme, ATP synthase. ATP synthase is energized to create ATP by what direct energy source?
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proton gradient
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A morbidly obese individual decides to go on a massive diet and exercise program. After two years of conscientious dieting and grueling aerobic exercise, he manages to lose more than 150 pounds. Of course, most of it was fat. What form did most of the carbon and oxygen (comprising the fat) take when leaving the body?
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The carbon and oxygen left the body as CO2 that was exhaled from the lungs.
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Which step of cellular respiration produces no ATP?
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fermentation
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The final result of ATP production after anaerobic respiration is ________.
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low relative to the amount of ATP made in aerobic respiration
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Which of the following occurs in glycolysis?
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conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
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What did Hans Krebs do in the 1930's?
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used pigeons to find out how aerobic respiration works - Krebs Cycle is named after him
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In aerobic respiration, the pyruvic acid that is the product of glycolysis is converted to the molecule __________, which is the substrate that is transferred to the Krebs Cycle.
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acetyl CoA
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Electrons are transferred to two different electron carriers in the Krebs cycle. One of these is the _______ carrier seen in glycolysis; the other is the carrier _______.
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NAD+/NADH, FAD/FADH2
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The electrons picked up at various stages of energy harvesting by NADH and FADH must be accepted by _______ at the end of the ETC if energy transfer is to continue.
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oxygen
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