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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does DNA copy itself? |
The cell divides to make copies of itself |
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What % of cells that are made by cell division carry the exact copy originally from the DNA from their parent cells? |
50% is original 50% is new |
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What strand is DNA? What strand is RNA? |
Double Stranded Single Stranded |
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What nucleotides make up DNA? RNA? |
Deoxyribose Ribose |
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Thymine in DNA bonds to Adenine and _ _ _ _ _ _ in RNA binds to Adenine |
Uracil |
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How long does DNA last? How long does RNA last? |
It lasts longer than RNA RNA only lasts for minutes |
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What is usually simpler , DNA or RNA? |
DNA |
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What three things make up the central dogma , list the sequence |
DNA->RNA->Protein |
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How many bonds does cytosine form guanine ? |
3 |
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How many bonds does Adenine form with thymine? |
2 |
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What is DNA pol 1 function? |
Removes RNA primer and replaces newly DNA |
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What is DNA pol 2 function ? |
Repairs function |
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What is DNA pol 3 function ? |
Adds nucleotides to 5’-3’ direction |
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What does the helicase do? |
Opens DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds |
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What does the ligase do? |
Seals gap between Okazaki fragments to create DNA strand |
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What does the primase do? |
Synthesizes RNA primers to start replication |
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What does the sliding camp do? |
Helps hold the DNA polymerase i |
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What does topoisomerase do? |
Helps relieve the stress on DNA when unwinding |
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What does the Single-Strand binding protein do ? |
Binds single strand DNA |
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How is the leading strand formed ? |
It is synthesized continuously from an initial primer |
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How is the lagging strand formed? |
It is synthesized discontinuously with multiple priming events |
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How many circular chromosomes are in prokaryotes? |
1 |
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What are some facts about Eukaryotic DNA Replication? |
1. Have Multiple Linear chromosomes 2. Multiple origins of replication 3. Enzyme differ slightly from prokaryotes |
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What is a mismatch pair? |
The wrong nucleotide is replaced |
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What is an excision pair? |
Excuse a fragment of DNA to be repaired |
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What is a point mutation? |
Silent , nonsense, missense |
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What is a frameshift mutation? |
Insertions or deletions |
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What is transcription? What is translation? |
Transcription is the flow of genetic information which is from DNA to RNA Translation is from RNA to protein |
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What are the steps of transcription? |
Initiation, Elongation and Termination |
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What is needed for translation to occur? |
Ribosomes, tRNAs |
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What are the three steps of translation? |
Intiation, Elongation and Termination |
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How can natural selection take place ? |
Only if there’s a variation in the population ( Genetic Diversity ) which is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction |
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What are the three outcomes of genetic diversity? |
Mutation could lead to adaption causing to be more fit into the environment, less fit or doesn’t affect them at all. |
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What is fitness? |
Reproductive success, continuation of the species |
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What are Darwin’s main observations? |
1. Individuals within populations vary 2. Some variations among individuals can be on to their offspring 3. Populations produce more offspring than will survive 4. Survival and reproduction are not random |
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What are examples of convergent evolution?what |
Wings of bird and wings of dragonfly |
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What are some ways to find evidence for evolution? |
Fossil records which shows how species have changed over time |
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What are developmental homologies? |
Similarities in developmental processes from fertilized egg to adulthood |
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What’s another way of determining evolution ? |
Anatomy |
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What are homologous structures? What are vestigal structures ? |
Structures that have changed in size and function but are from a common ancestor Unused structures left over from common ancestor |
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Another way of determining evolution is ? |
Molecular biology It’s when you look at the sequences of DNA and the amino acid sequences of conserved proteins |
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What is the molecular clock? |
Estimates the rate of change in DNA sequences |
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What is microevolution? |
Changes that occur within a biological population |
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What is macro evolution ? |
Large scale evolutionary changes that result in the origins of new species |
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What are misconceptions of evolution ? |
Evolution is just a theory , they don’t really know Individuals evolve Evolution explains the origins of life Organisms evolve with a purpose |
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What are hominids? |
Humans and human ancestors |
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What is radiometric dating? |
Ratios of radioactive elements to daughter products are used to estimate the age of rocks |
