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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the investigation of life at the level of its individual molecules. |
molecular biology
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What did James Watson and Francis Crick do in 1953?
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they unveiled DNA's now famous configuration, the double helix
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What is the technique called that a purified form of a molecule is bombarded with X-rays??
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X-ray diffraction
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Who were experts in X-ray diffraction and were also studing DNA?
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Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins
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Why did only Watson, Crick and Wilkins get the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962?
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Franklin had died of cancer in 1958 and they are not awarded posthumously
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What are the three types of component molecules in a DNA molecule?
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1) phosphate group 2) deoxyribose sugars 3) nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine or A, T, G, & C)
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What is formed from the component molecules?
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basic building block of DNA - a nucleotide
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What is a nucleotide composed of?
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1) phosphate group 2) deoxyribose sugars 3) one of the four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine or A, T, G, & C)
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What does A pair with?
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T
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What does G pair with?
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C
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When you look at the double-helix's double handrails what fits with the sugar to form a kind of chain?
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the phosphate (S and P and S and P...)
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The connecting steps across DNA's handrails that form the staircase are composed of...
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the bases which are paired accordingly
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any two bases that can pair together this way is...
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called complementary
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What happens after DNA strands separate?
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Each strand now serves as a template for the synthesis of a separate DNA molecule
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What is the building block of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base.
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nucleotide
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What enzyme is active in DNA replication, separating strands of DNA, bringing bases to the parental strands, and correcting errors by removing and replacing incorrect base pairs?
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DNA polymerase
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What is a permanent alteration of a DNA base sequence?
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mutation
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What is it called when the DNA strands separate and serve as templates so that new DNA strands can be created by the enzyme DNA polymerase?
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DNA replication
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How do the base pairs bond?
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via hydrogen bonds
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What is a mutation of a single base pair in a genome?
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point mutation
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What is any cell that is not and will not become an egg or sperm cell?
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a somatic cell
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What is the succession of parent and daughter cells that ultimately produce either eggs or sperm?
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germ-line cell
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What is the cause of when the base G links up across the helix with a T (instead of its normal partner, C)?
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a mutation
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What causes DNA to mutate?
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environmental influences or random, spontaneous events
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What do the strands of the double helix serve as templates for in DNA replication?
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new complementary strands
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What is the group of enzymes that add nucleotides to a replicating DNA chain?
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DNA polymerases
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What is the mutation of a DNA base sequence called?
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permanent alteration
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How does the phrase "something old, something new" describe the method of DNA replication?
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It is a short phrase to describe that each newly formed DNA double helix is a mixture of an old "template" strand and a new complementary strand
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What fundamental question of genetics did Watson and Crick's discovery help anwser?
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It answered the question of how genetic info can be passed on from one cell to the next, or from one generation to the next.
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DNA polymerases can correct errors made in DNA replication.
True or False |
True
It can remove a mismatched nucleotide and replace it with a correct nucleotide. |
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What is a mutation?
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a permament alteration in a DNA base sequence
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Are all mutations harmful?
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No
most have no effect & a small number are useful to organisms because they produce new functional proteins |