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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gram-positive |
Bacteria that have simple walls composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan. |
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Gram-negative |
Bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides. |
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The first genetic material was probably RNA, not DNA. True or False?
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True
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RNA may not have provided the template for DNA, a more stable genetic material. True or False?
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False
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Are most prokaryotes are unicellular?
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Yes
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What shapes can prokaryotes take up?
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Sphere (cocci) Rods (Bacilli) Spirals |
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What are eukaryote cell walls made of?
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cellulose chitin |
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Bacterial cell walls contain what?
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peptidoglycan, a network of modified sugars cross-linked by polypeptides.
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Archaeal cell walls contain what?
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polysaccharides and proteins but lack peptidoglycan
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Many antibiotics target peptidoglycan and damage bacterial cell walls. True or False?
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True
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In a heterogeneous environment, many bacteria exhibit taxis. True or False?
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True
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Taxis
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the ability to move toward or away from astimulus
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Some bacteria develop resistant cells when they lack water or essential nutrients
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endospores
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Some prokaryotes stick to the substrate or each other using hair-likeappendages
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fimbriae
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The cells of prokaryotes are structurally more complicated than those of eukaryotes. True or False?
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False
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Phototrophs
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prokaryotes prokaryotes obtain energy from light
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Chemotrophs |
prokaryotes obtain energy from chemicals
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Autotrophs
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prokaryotes require CO2 as a carbon source
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Heterotrophs
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prokaryotes obtain carbon from organic nutrients
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Obligate aerobes
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require O2 for cellular respiration
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Obligate anaerobes
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are poisoned by O2 anduse fermentation or anaerobic respiration, in which substances other than O2act as electron acceptors
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Facultative anaerobes
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use O2 if it is available, but can survive without it
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nitrogen fixation
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some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) toammonia (NH3)
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Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species occurs in surface-coating colonies
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Biofilms
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Conjugation
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Cell to cell DNA exchange
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Transduction
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Virus to cell DNA exchange
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Transformation
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Cell acquires loose DNA in theenvironment
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Endosymbiosis |
A symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives inside the body or cell of another organism. |
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Red algae and green algae underwent secondary what? |
Endosymbiosis |
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Colonies |
The first multicellular form. Collections of cells that are connected to one another or show little or no cellular differentiation. |
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What are the 4 supergroups of eukaryotes? |
Excavata SAR Archaeplastida Unikonta |
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What are the 3 subgroups of Excavata? |
Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans |
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What are the 3 supergroups of SAR? |
Stramenophiles Alveolates Rhiziarians |
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What 3 subgroups make up Archaeplastida? |
Red algae Green Algae Plants |
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Proteobacteria
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a clade of gram-negative bacteria with diverse metabolic and nutritional modes
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Cyanobacteria
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gram-negative photoautotrophs that generate O2 through plantlike photosynthesis
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Some archaea live in extreme environments and are called?
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extremophiles
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Symbiosis
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an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host and smaller symbiont
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mutualism
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both organisms benefit
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commensalism
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one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way
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parasitism
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an organism called a parasite harms but does not kill its host
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pathogens
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Parasites that cause disease
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the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment
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bioremediation
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unicellular eukaryotes
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Protist
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The oldest eukaryote fossils to be resolved taxonomically are of?
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red algae that lived 1.2 billion years ago
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eukaryotes are “combination” organisms
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they have genes and cell characteristics derived from archaea and bacteria
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Key evidence supporting an endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids:
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Inner membranes are similar to plasma membranes of prokaryotes. Division is similar in these organelles and some prokaryotes. DNA structure is similar to that of prokaryotes. These organelles transcribe and translate their own DNA. Their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosomes. |
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Plastids also arose from a single common ancestor
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a cyanobacterium that was engulfed by a eukaryote cell
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Choanoflagellates are the closest living relatives of animals. T or F?
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True
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Parasitic protists with reduced mitochondria
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Diplomonads and Parabasalids
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large, multicellular “seaweed”; includes kelp and sargassum
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brown algae
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Fungi
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heterotrophs that absorb nutrients fromoutside of their body
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Fungi consist of networks of branched _______,filamentsadaptedfor absorption
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hyphae
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Fungal cell walls contain what
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chitin
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Absorbed nutrients are concentrated inside fungal cells, causing water to flow in by osmosis. T or F?
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True
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networks of branched hyphae
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mycelia
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mycorrhizae
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the fungus improves the delivery of phosphate ions and other minerals to the plant
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Plasmogamy
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union of cytoplasm from two haploid parent mycelia
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karyogamy
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the haploid nuclei fuse, producing diploid cells
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Green algae called charophytes are not the closest relatives of land plants. T or F?
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False
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In charophytes,a layer of a durable polymer called sporopollenin prevents exposed zygotes from drying out. T or F?
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True
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Key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes
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Alternation of generations. Multicellular, dependent embryos. Walled spores produced in sporangia. Apical meristems |
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Sporangia
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multicellular organs that produce spores
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Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots
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apical meristems
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Cuticle
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a waxy covering of the epidermis that functions in preventing water loss and microbial attack
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Stomata
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specialized pores that allow the exchangeof CO2 and O2 between the outside air and the plant
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Nonvascular plants
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bryophytes
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Bryophytes
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non-vascular plants |
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Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue
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xylem and phloem
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Xylem
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conducts most of the water and minerals and includes tube-shaped cells called tracheids
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Phloem
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consists of cells arranged in tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
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There are two types of leaves
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Microphylls, small leaves with a single vein. Megaphylls, larger, more productive leaves with a highly branched vascular system. |
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What are the 3 types of plant tissue?
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Ground Tissue Vascular Tissue Dermal Tissue |
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Ground Tissue
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fills in gaps; various function, including photosynthesis
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Vascular Tissue
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transports sap, containing water and nutrients
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Dermal Tissue
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covering tissue
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There are three ground tissue types
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Parenchyma - (light cell walls for soft stems andleaves). Collenchyma - (semi-hard for growing stems). Schlerenchyma - (forhard, but non-woody, parts). |
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Secondary growth
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The increase in girth of a stem caused by the accumulated rings of xylem
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When a stem or root elongates
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primary growth
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The branching of a fungal mycelium is one of several features that maximize surface area and have arisen in different organisms. T or F?
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True
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Alternation of Generations
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The gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis. Fusion of the gametes gives rise to the diploid sporophyte, which produces haploid spores by meiosis. |
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Land plants are called this becauseof the dependency of the embryo on the parent
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embryophytes
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Mosses are bryophytes
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True
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Gymnosperms
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have naked seeds that are not enclosed in chambers
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Angiosperms
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have seeds that develop inside chambers called ovaries
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Pollination
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the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
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Pollen Grains
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male gametophyte enclosed within the protective pollen wall
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Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
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True
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The ovary wall thickens and matures to form a fruit
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True
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Pollen Tube
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a hollow tube that develops from a pollen grain when deposited on the stigma of a flower. It penetrates the style and conveys the male gametes to the ovule.
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Bilaterians
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a complete digestive tract and a bilaterally symmetric form
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Eutherians
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placental mammals
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Marsupials
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mammals with a pouch
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Monotremes
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egg-laying mammals
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The different branches of the reptile tree
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Birds Crocodilian Turtles Tuataras (lizards) Squamates (snakes) |
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Animals in the phylum Porifera are known informally as
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Sponges
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Cnidarians
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Including jellies, corals, and hydras. Unique stinging structures (nematocytes) housed inspecializedcells (cnidocytes); diploblastic; radially symmetrical; gastrovascular cavity (digestive compartment with a single opening).
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Platyhelminths
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Flatworms. Dorsoventrally flattened acoelomates; gastrovascularcavity or no digestive tract.
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Molluscs
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Includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids. They are soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell. Coelomates with three main body parts (muscular foot,visceralmass, mantle); coelom reduced; most have hardshell made of calcium carbonate.
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Annelids
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Arecoelomates with bodies composed of a series of fused rings. Include leeches, earthworms, tubeworms.
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Nematodes
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Are found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals; roundworms. Cylindrical pseudocoelomates with tapered ends; no circulatory system.
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Arthropods
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Coelomates with segmented body, jointed appendages, and exoskeleton made of protein and chitin.
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Lampreys
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They are jawless vertebrates that feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fish.
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Ray-Finned Fish
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Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and maneuverable fins supported by rays.
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Chondrichthyes
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Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton, a derived trait formed by the reduction of anancestral mineralized skeleton. (Sharks, rays, skates, ratfishes).
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Diatoms
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Are photosynthetic, unicellular and encased in glass-like walls. The glass walls consist of two halves that fit together like a shoebox and lid.
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