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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Two conditions that must be met for natural selection to occur:
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1. indivs vary in characteristics that are heretible
2. certain versions of these traits help indivs reproduce more |
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7 Taxonomic levels:
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Kingdom
Phylum Couldn't Order Five Good Sandwiches |
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Which of the three are more closely related?
BActeria, Archaea, Eukarya |
Arch and Euk
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Glycine is the aa with
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the smallest R group
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Cysteines are aas that can form
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disulfide bonds.
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What is the difference between the nucleus in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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Prok lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
Euk have such a nucleus |
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What are five differences btwn prok and euk?
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NLIDD
Euk chromosomes found in a membrane-boud nucleus. Euk larger Euk have extensive amts of internal membrane Euk have a diverse and dynamic cytockeleton |
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A and T are held together by __ H bonds.
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2
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C and G are held together by __ H bonds.
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3
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Which is branched...amylopectin or amylose?
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Amylopectin. (alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkages)
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Pathogenetic (disease causing) prions differ from normal prions in their...?
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Protein conformations
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Is peptide bod formation spontaneous? What type of rxn?
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Non-spontaneous bc decreases disorder.
Condensation reaction. |
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How does the Na-K pump work to transport Na and K against their concentration gradients?
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ATP hydrolysis provides the energy to transport ions against their concentration gradients.
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All cells contain what three structures?
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Chromosomes, ribosomes, cell membrane.
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A large protein has no localization signal of any kind...where is is likely residing?
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The cytosol.
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What do myosin, dynein, and kinesin all have in common?
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All hydrolyze ATP to provide energy for movement. (all are motor proteins)
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Dynein sidearms are REQUIRED for what?
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movement.
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After being bound by a hormone, what translocates into the nucleus, binds DNA, and causes changes in gene expression?
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Steroid hormone receptors
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In glycolysis, the C atoms get converted to___?
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Pyruvate
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What are the four components of glucose processing?
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1 Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate processing (acetlyCoA formation) 3 Krebs cycle 4 e- transport coupled w oxidative phosphorylation |
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Redox rxns drive the formation of ___.
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ATP
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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Cytosol
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Where does acetylCoA formation occur?
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mitoch. matrix
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Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
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mitoch. matrix
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Where does oxid phosphorylation occur?
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inner mitochondrial membrane
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How much energy does the complete osidation of 1 mole of glucose release?
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686 kcal
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Does glycolysis require oxygen?
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No.
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In cell resp, what acts as an electron accepter and electron donor in glycolysis?
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NAD+ is acceptor
NADH is donor (carrier) |
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In Krebs cycle, each acetylCoA is ox/red? into __ molecules of ___.
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Oxidized into two molecs of CO2
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What about the ETC enables ATP to be produced>
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It establishes a proton gradient. (energy released pumps protons across the plasma membrane)
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What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC?
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O2!
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Net input and output of Glycolysis?
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In: glucose, NAD+, ADP
Out: ATP, pyruvate, NADH |
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Net input and output of pyruvate processing?
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In: Pyruvate, coenzyme A, NAD+
Out: CO2,acetylCoA, NADH |
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How many ATP molecules are produced by cell resp?
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30. 26 from oxidative phosphorylation. 2 from glyc. 2 from krebs cycle.
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What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
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Light dependent rxns (produce O2 form H2O)
Calvin cycle (produce sugar from CO2) |
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Which have more energy--short or long wavelenths/ what color?
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Shorter have more energy! (Blue, UV)
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2 Major elements of a photosystem:
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Antenna complex and reaction center.
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The enhancement effect=
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In photosynthesis, the two photosystems work together so that photosynthesis can double when cells are exposed to both red and far-red light.
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How does photosystem II work?
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It produces a proton gradient that triggers chemiosmosis and ATP synthesis in the chloroplast and therefore synthesizes ATP.
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Pheophytin=
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an electron acceptor
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Plastoquinone (PQ)=
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carries protons to the inside of thylakoids
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Photophosphorylation=
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The capture of light energy by photosystem II to produce ATP.
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How does photosystem II obtain electrons?
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By oxidizing water! The only known protein complex to do this. "Splits" water to replace its lost electrons, producing O2.
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Ferredoxin=
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The iron and sulfur containing proteins of the ETC of photosystem I.
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What is the final e- acceptor of the light dependent reactions?
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NADPH
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Z scheme
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Photons --> P680 up to Pheophytin down through ETC (of PQ and cytochrome complex) to PC to P700. Photons in and up. Down ETC of ferrodoxin. 2 NADPH produced.
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3 phases of calvin cycle:
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fixation
reduction regeneration |
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where does the calvin cycle occur?
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stroma of chloroplasts
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Plasmids with what gene made bacterial cells blue in our lab ewperiments?
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A gene, induced by IPTG, encoding an enzyme that can hydrolyze lactose or X-Gal.
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Are carotenes polar or nonpolar?
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Nonpolar...hydrocarbons.
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