Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
All of an organism's chemical processes |
Metabolism |
|
Maintenance of range |
Thermoregulation |
|
Warm body by absorbing heat from environment (cold blooded) |
Ectotherms |
|
Ectotherm examples |
most invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles |
|
Ectotherms body temp. is usually close to ______ |
The ambient temperature |
|
Ectotherms activity levels dependent on |
The ambient temperature |
|
Heat from metabolism (warm blooded) |
Endotherms |
|
Endotherm examples |
birds and mammals |
|
Being endothermic.. |
solves some problems of living on land |
|
Endothermy allows... |
more constant activity level |
|
Disadvantages of being endothermic |
Costs more energy, have to eat more food |
|
Endothermic animals also have... |
complex circulatory and respiratory systems |
|
Controlling/adjusting heat exchange between animal and enviornment |
Thermoregulation |
|
How is thermoregulation conducted? |
1. Insulation (fur, feathers, fat) 2. vasodilation (Nervous system tells muscles of blood vessels near skin to relax, increase blood blow, allows more heat loss, cools body 3. vasoconstriction (conserves body heat by doing opposite) 4. countercurrent heat exchanger (arteries and vins in extremities run close together,k warm blood in arteries warms colder blood returning to body -in birds and marine animals-) 5. cooling by evaporating heat loss (panting, sweating, bathing) |
|
Behavioral thermoreg. techniques |
bathing, basking |
|
In terrestrial mamals, thermoreg.l is controlled by |
feedback mechanisms |
|
Brain control center |
hypothalamus |
|
Body temp. is monitored by |
nerve cells in skin, hypothalamus and other parts |
|
When a response to a stimulus turns it off it is a |
negative feedback |
|
When temp. increases above normal, cooling mechanisms are turned on including... |
vasodilation, sweat glands, evaporative cooling |
|
When body reaches normal range... |
cooling/warming mechanisms are turned off |
|
When temp. is below norm, warming mech. are turned on including... |
vasoconstriction, less heat loss to radiation and more warm blood kept in deep tissues, shivering, hormone produced warmth |
|
Shivering is done.. |
by skeletal muscles to generate heat |
|
Acclimatization (another way to keep norm. temp. range) |
Takes over several days or weeks, requires changes in thermoreg. mech., and changes in cells (different enzymes are produced with dif. temp. ranges) |
|
Torpor (way to keep normal temp. range) |
Used to survive periods of extreme temps. or lack of food, is an alternative physiological state, metabolism heart rate and respiration slow down |
|
Examples of torpor |
Hibernation (allows animal to survive cold and lack of food in winter) Estivation (allows animal to survive high temps and lack of water in summer) |
|
Some animals go into torpor daily/nightly Why? Examples? |
Must because metabolic rate is so high that they can not survive periods of inactivity when not feeding (bats-feed at night, torpor in day) (humming birds- feed in day, torpor at night) |
|
Water balance and waste disposal depend on |
Transport epithelial tissue (usually a single layer of cells, channels leading to exterior, function depends on composition of cell membranes) |
|
Nitrogenous wastes 1. Animals produce... 2. Why? 3. This is a ... waste product 4. It is |
1. Ammonia (NH3) 2. Metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids 3. very toxic 4. Excreted or converted to other compounds for storage and excretion |
|
Kinds of nit. wastes |
1. NH3 (water soluble, diffuses in water, most aquatic animals and fish 2. Urea (produced by liver, combines NH3 with CO2, and transports to kidneys, mch less toxic, more concentrated and requires less water for excretion, can be stored, allows for conservation of H2O) 3. Uric acid (less sol. in H2O, very concentrated and paste like, almost free of H2O, exits through cloaca along with feces |
|
The kinds of excr. product depends on |
ecology and embroyology |
|
Types of reproduction |
Sexual and asexual |
|
Asexual repro. |
Offsprings genes come from one parent (a clone), requires only mitotic division, does not require fertilization |
|
Fission |
Asexual, one animal breaks into two and forms two individuals (by regeneration) |
|
Budding |
Asex, New individual grows out of parental body |
|
Specialized Cells |
Asex, (gambles produced by freshwater sponges, allows survival during adverse conditions |
|
Fragmentation |
Asex, parental body breaks into many pieces and each forms a new ind. by regen. |
|
Regeneration can.. |
Replace lost or damaged body parts |
|
Advantages of asex repro |
1. Can reproduce in isolation (no mate required) 2. Many offspring in short time 3. Energetically inexpensive 4. Adventitious in stable enviornments |
|
Disadvantages of asex repro |
Little genetic variation |
|
Sexual Repro |
Produce offspring by fusion of gametes (fertilization) |
|
Gametes are |
Haploid and formed by meiosis |
|
Female gamete |
Ovum (egg) |
|
Male gamete |
Spermatozoan (sperm)- means seed, a motile cell |
|
Disadvantages of sex repro |
1.Energetically expensive 2. Must find mate 3. Ova prod. requires a lot of energy 4. Mating and parental care are energetically expensive |
|
Advantages of se xrepro |
Better in unstable enviorn. Provides genetic variation |