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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens
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Energy is released
The more electronegative atom is reduced |
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Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2and water release free energy?
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Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O).
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When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes
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oxidized
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When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) the molecule becomes
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reduced
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Which of the following statements describes NAD+?
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NAD+is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
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An electron loses potential energy when it
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shifts to a more electronegative atom
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Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis
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100%
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During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is
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retained in the pyruvate
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In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis
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NADH and pyruvate
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Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are
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2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O
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In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate
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2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced
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A molecule that is phosphorylated
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has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work
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How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion?
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active transport
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During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location
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mitochondrial matrix
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How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?
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2
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How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) would be produced by five turns of the citric acid cycle?
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10
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Starting with citrate, which of the following combinations of products would result from three turns of the citric acid cycle?
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3 ATP, 6 CO2, 9 NADH, and 3 FADH2
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
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oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
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For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced
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12
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Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following
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chemiosmotic phosphorylation
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Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located
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mitochondrial inner membrane
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During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain atthe lowest energy level?
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FADH2
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The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
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act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.
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Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway
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citric acid cycle NADH electron transport chain oxygen
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During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from
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molecular oxygen (O2)
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Energy released by the electron transport chain isused to pump H+ ions into which location?
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mitochondrial intermembrane space
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The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is
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the difference in H+concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the
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creation of a proton gradient
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It is possible to prepare vesicles from portions of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial components. Which one of the following processes could still be carried on by this isolated inner membrane
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oxidative phosphorylation
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Each time a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen molecules (O2) are required
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6
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Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water?
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oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
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Approximately what percentage of the energy of glucose (C6H12O6) is transferred to storage in ATP as a result of the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2and water in cellular respiration?
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40%
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Which of the following couples chemiosmosis to energy storage
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ATP synthase
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Which of the following normally occurs whether or not oxygen (O2) is present?
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glycolysis
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Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
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glycolysis and fermentation
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Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation
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glycolysis
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The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following
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substrate-level phosphorylation
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One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to
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oxidize NADH to NAD+
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Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?
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It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms.
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Muscle cells, when an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen deprived, convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells
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it is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate
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What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?
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breakdown of fatty acids
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Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle?
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acetyl CoA
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Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?
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glycolysis
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In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions
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provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient
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When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs?
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The pH of the matrix increases
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Cells do not catabolize carbon dioxide because
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CO2 is already completely oxidized
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Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration?
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NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain in respiration only
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What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?
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catabolic pathways
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