Biology 1170 - Chemical Basis: Organic Molecules

Front 1

Water

Back 1

the most important molecule to life

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Hydrogen Bonding

Back 2

allows water molecules to stick together (cohesion), as well as with other substances (adhesion)

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Hydrophilic

Back 3

substances that have an affinity for water

ex: ionic or polar molecules

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Hydrophobic

Back 4

substances that are repelled by water

ex: oils

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Organic Molecules

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contain carbon. Referring in chemistry to the carbon compounds, many of which have been in some manner associated with living organisms.

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Inorganic Molecules

Back 6

do not contain carbon

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Macromolecules

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biological molecules are large molecules

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Monomers

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smaller parts that make up macromolecules

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Polymer

Back 9

another name for macromolecule (man monomers put together)

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Carbohydrates

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basic macromolecule group

-Sugars (saccharides) and their polymers

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Monosacchardes

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important for:

-fuel for cellular work

-their carbon skeleton serves as raw material for the synthesis of other types of organic molecules

(most common one is Glucose)

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Disaccharides

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the most common is sucrose. Plants transport their carbohydrates as sucrose

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Polysaccharides

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-polymers in which few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides are linked together

-some polysaccharides are use as storage material while others serve as building material.

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Storage Polysaccharides

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energy storage

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Starch

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a storage polysaccharide of plants. Consists entirely of glucose.

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Glycogen

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The storage polysaccharide of animals

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Structural Polysaccharides

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used for cell structure

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Cellulose

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a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

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Chitin

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The carbohydrate used by arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans) to build their excoskeletons

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Lipids

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a diverse group of compounds that share one important trait. ALL HYDROPHOBIC. non-polar bonds cause this behavior.

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Fats

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large molecules constructed of two kinds of small molecules, glycerol and fatty acids

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Saturated Fats

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lack the double bonds and fit together closely.

Hint 22

bacon, Grease and butter

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Unsaturated Fats

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have double bonds and thus have kinks in the fatty acid chains. these fats do not fit close together and are fluid at room temperature.

Hint 23

plants fats (corn and peanut oils) these fats are often referred to as oils.

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Phospholipids

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are structurally related to fats, but they have only 2 fatty acids rather than 3 and the 3rd carbon of glycerol is joined to a phosphate group (which has a negative charge). Thus they have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

Hint 24

makes up the phospholipid bilayer

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Steroids

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are lipids that are characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four interconnecting rings. examples: cholesterol

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Proteins

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account for more than 50% of the dry weight of most cells, and they are instrumental in almost everything cells do.

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Amino Acids

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monomers of proteins.
1. a hydrogen
2. a carboxyl group
3. an amino acid
4. a side chain

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Proteins are formed when

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amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a ploypeptide chain

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Two types of Nucleaic Acids

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1. DNA

2. RNA

both are ploymers of repeated units called nucleotides.

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The Nitrogenous bases are

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Purines: adenine, guanine

Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine and uracil