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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
PROTON atoms are made of? |
positively charged particles |
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NEUTRAL atoms are made of? |
neutral particles |
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ELECTRON atoms are made of? |
Negative charged particles |
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Protons, neutrons and electrons are all found where? |
in the nucleus |
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The Atomic Number is the same number of what? |
Atomic Number = # of protons |
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What are isotopes? |
Forms of an element with different number of neutrons |
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What two things do you add up to get the MASS NUMBER? |
Protons + Neutrons = mass number |
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What are orbitals? |
a specific region in an atomic nuclei where electrons move around |
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Unfilled electron orbitals allow formation of... |
chemical bonds |
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what is a covalent bond? |
Each atom's unpaired valence electrons are shared by both nuclei to fill their orbitals |
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What is a ionic bond? |
electrons being transferred from one atom to another |
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What happens to an atom in a molecule with a high electronegativity? |
It holds electrons more tightly (has partial negative charge & the other atom will have a partial positive charge) |
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What identifies a NONPOLAR covalent bonds? |
Electrons that are evenly shared between two atoms & the bond is symmetrical (shape) |
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What identifies a POLAR covalent bond? |
Electrons are asymmetrically shared (no equal on either sides) |
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What is an Ion? |
An atom or molecule that carries a charge |
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What is a cation? |
An atom that loses an electron and becomes positively charged
TIP: CAT=YES=POSITIVE! |
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what is an anion? |
An atom that gains an electron and becomes negatively charged
TIP: ANI=ANTI=NEGATIVE |
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What is an IONIC bond? |
The resulting attraction between oppositely charged ions.
TIP: Opposites attract ;) LOL |
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The degree to which electrons are shared in chemical bonds forms...? |
CONTINUUM!
(from equal sharing in non polar covalent bonds To unequal sharing in polar covalent bonds To the complete transfer of electrons in ionic bonds) |
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What are Hydrophilic atoms and molecules? |
They are ions and polar molecules that stay in solution
They stay in solution because of their interactions with water's partial charges |
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What is Hydrogen Bonding? |
Makes it possible for almost any charged or polar molecule to dissolve in water |
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What are Hydrophobic molecules? |
Are uncharged and non polar compound; do not dissolve in water |
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What is Cohesion? |
Binding between like molecules (binding to itself) and resulting in high surface tension |
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What is adhesion? |
Bending between unlike molecules (binding to plastic or epithelial layers) |
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What is pH for blood? |
7.4 |
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The lower pH = ? |
more acidic |
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The high pH = |
more basic |
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What are buffers? |
compounds that minimize changes in pH |
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what is the bolded part of the chemical reaction called?(Left side) CO2(g) + H2O(l) <------> H2CO3(aq) |
Reactants |
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What is the bolded part of the chemical reaction called? (right side) CO2(g) + H2O(l) <------> H2CO3(aq) |
Products |
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What reaction must absorb heat to proceed? |
endothermic reactions |
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what reaction releases heat? |
Exothermic reactions |
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what is potential energy? |
Stored energy |
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What is kinetic energy/thermal energy? |
Energy of moment, measured as temperature
Just for you to know:
low temp. = slow (cold) High temp. = fast (hot) |
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Spontaneous actions are exothermic/endothermic? |
exothermic (no added energy is needed) |
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What do amino and carboxyl groups do? |
Attract or drop a proton, respectively |
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What are carbonyl groups? |
Sites that link molecules into more complex compounds. |
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determine the chemical behavior of hydroxyl groups |
Act as weak acid |
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determine the chemical behavior of phosphate groups |
have two negative charges |
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Determine the chemical behavior of sulfhydryl groups |
link together via disulfide bonds |
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What are the 3 macromolecules? |
protein, carbs and nucleic acid
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What are the monomers for each of the three macromolecules? |
protein = amino acids carbs= monosaccarides nucleic acid = nucleotides |
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All proteins are made from |
Just 20 AMINO ACID building blocks |
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Amino acids have a central carbon atom that bonds to... |
H, NH2, COOH and a variable side chain (R-group) |
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the properties of amino acids vary because... |
their R-groups vary |
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Amino acids side chains distinguish the different amino acids and can be grouped into four general types: |
acidic, basic, uncharged polar and nonpolar |
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If the side chain have a negative charge the amino acid would be... |
lost a proton, acidic |
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If the side chain have a positive charge in an amino acid would be.. |
taken a proton, basic |
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If the side chain is uncharged, does it have an oxygen atom? |
if so, the highly electronegative oxygen will result in a polar covalent bond and thus is uncharged polar. |
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if the side chain is uncharge, positive and negative are false, what kind of amino acid are we looking for? |
nonpolar amino acid |
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Hydro cation are always non/polar |
nonpolar |
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what holds amino acids together? |
peptide bonds |
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What is the end of an amino acid reaction called? |
amino terminus |
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1 degree structure equals? |
a linear sequence of amino acids |
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What requires energy and is nonspontaneous? |
Plymerization |
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linking monomers is to _____ to form ______. |
polymerize; polymers |
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what are macromolecules? |
very large polymers made up of many monomers linked together |
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Monomoers polymerize through: |
condensation (dehydration) reactions (that release a water molecule) |
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What is hydrolysis? |
Is reverse reaction
(breaks polymers apart by adding a water molecule) |
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What are Catalysis? |
enzymes speed up chemical reactions |
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what is defense? |
antibodies and complement proteins attack pathogens |
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what is movement? |
motor contractile portions move the cell or molecules within the cell. |
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Protein's secondary structure is formed by |
hydrogen bonds |
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hydrogen bonds occur between: |
carbonyl group of one amino acid and the amino group another |
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what does α and β mean? |
α - helices β - pleated sheets |
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secondary structure depends on.... |
the primary structure ; more likely to be involved in helices |
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The tertiary structure of a polypeptide results from |
interactions between R-groups or between r-groups and the peptide backbone (contact cause backbones to bend and fold contributing to a distinctive 3 dimensional shape of polypeptide) |
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r-group interactions include |
hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interaction, van der waals interactions, covalent disulfide bonds and ionic bonds |
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the bonding of two or more distinct polypeptide subunits produces |
quaternary structure |
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What is another name for an unfolded protein and what is it? |
denatured protein is unable to function normally |
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what are the proteins that help proteins fold correctly in cells? |
molecular chaperones |
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misfolding can be.... |
"infectious" |
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what are prions |
improperly folded forms of normal proteins and can induce normal protein molecules to change their shape to the altered form. |
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what may be the most fundamental of a protein's function? |
catalysis |
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what is nucleic acid's monomer? |
nucleotide monomers |
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what are the three components of a nucleotide? |
phosphate group, five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing)base |
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What are ribonucleotides? |
the sugar is ribose |
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what are deoxyribonucleotides? |
the sugar is deoxyribose (deoxy means lacking oxygen) |
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what the purines? |
adenine and guanine |
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what are the pyrimidines? |
cytosine, uracil and thymine |
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Where is the base uracil (U) found in? |
RNA |
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Base thymine can only be found in? |
DNA |
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phosphodiester linkage (bond) occurs between |
the phosphate group on the 5' carbon of one nucleotide and the -OH grou[ pn the 3' carbon of another |
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the sugar-phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid is |
directional (has polarity) |
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Polymerization of nucleic acids is |
an endergonic process, catalyzed by enzymes, nonspontaneous reaction |
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energy for polymerization comes from |
the phosphorylation of the nucleotides |
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what is phosphorylation? |
transfer of phosphate group(s) to substrate molecule, raises potential energy of substrate and enables endergonic reactions |
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when your phosphate group has high energy what is happening? |
losing phosphate |
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What is the DNA structure like? |
Has equil purines as to pyrimidines are anti-parallel = strands go different directions |
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When replicating DNA, what is the template strand? |
the strand being copied |
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what is the replication fork? |
it is where the DNA (double strands) divide to replicate. |
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what is the DNA replication process called? |
semi-conservative replication |
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Why can a RNA act like a catalyst? |
because it is more reactive because of the extra oxygen making it more polar than DNA |
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What can RNA also shape into? |
Tertiary structure (forms when secondary structures sold into more complex shapes.) |