Biological Psychology Chapter 12 Emotions (Kalat)

Front 1

3 (general) components of emotions

Back 1

1. cognitions (thoughts)
2. actions

3. feelings

Front 2

James-Lange theory (concept of)

Back 2

Autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come before the "feelings" of emotions.

or
The results from muscle and organ actions send feedback to brain, which results in the "feelings" aspect of emotion.

Front 3

James-Lange theory (4 steps)

Back 3

Event --> appraisal --> action --> emotional feeling

[appraisal - cognitive aspect]

[action - behavioral aspect (including physiology)]

[emotional feeling -feeling aspect]

Front 4

In accordance with the James-Lange theory, people with weak anatomical responses [*action* aspect] should feel _______ emotion. Increasing or causing anatomical responses should _________ an emotion.

Back 4

less,

enhance/elicitP

Front 5

Pure anatomical failure

Back 5

When output from the autonomic nervous system (ANS) fails completely.

(e.g. ANS no longer regulates HR, breathing rate, etc.)

Front 6

Studies show that people with pure anatomical failure report what?
(Hint--it is consistent with the James-Lange theory)

Back 6

people report decreased emotional feeling

(note: the cognitive aspect [appraisal] of emotion still functions the same)

Front 7

People with botox demonstrate...
(Hint--they cannot frown)
(Hint--consistent with James-Lange theory)

Back 7

These people demonstrate impaired ability to process unpleasant information.

Front 8

People with paralysis of their entire face demonstrate...

Back 8

These people demonstrate weak emotional responses overall.

Front 9

mobius syndrome

Back 9

rare condition where people cannot move their facial muscles to make a smile. (and have trouble making friends because of it) :/

(**note--they CAN still feel happiness, even though they cannot physically smile)

Front 10

The last three flashcards help emphasize the fact that...

Back 10

Feeling a body change can be an important part of feeling an emotion, but is not 100% necessary in order to feel the emotion. (It is still possible to feel the emotion without the body change, just more difficult and the feeling is weaker.)

Front 11

panic attack (symptoms)

Back 11

fear

rapid breathing

increased HR

(extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal)

Front 12

Limbic system

Back 12

includes the [forebrain]1 and the [areas surrounding the thalamus]2

[frontal lobe]1 [cingulate gyrus, septic nuclei, olfactory bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, mamillary bodies, fornix, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala]2

Front 13

Brain areas important for emotion

Back 13

the limbic system and the cerebral cortex

Front 14

So far, different emotions have not been shown to be associated with specific brain areas except for...
(the emotion and the brain area it is associated with)

**note: OTHER emotions (anger and fright) ALSO result in activation of this area, but this ONE emotion results in activity that is almost solely in this area

Back 14

disgust:

insular cortex (aka insula) (also aka "primary gustatory cortex"/"primary taste cortex")

(...so when we are disgusted we literally respond in the brain as if something tastes bad and we want to spit it out)

Front 15

BAS

Back 15

Behavioral Activation System ("approach")

activity of the frontal and temporal lobes of the LEFT HEMISPHERE

.moderate to low autonomic arousal

.a tendency to approach (someone/thing?)

.either happiness or anger

Front 16

BIS

Back 16

Behavioral Inhibition System ("withdrawal")

activity of the frontal and temporal lobes of the RIGHT HEMISPHERE

.heightened attention and autonomic arousal

.inhibition of action

.stimulation of emotions such as fear/disgust

Front 17

People who show more activity in brain regions associated with BAS (L f/t) tend to be _____________, whereas people with more activity in brain regions associated with the BIS (R f/t) tend to be ________________.

Back 17

happier, more outgoing, more fun-loving ("approach")

socially withdrawn, less satisfied with life, prone to unpleasant emotions ("withdrawal")

Front 18

When listening to laughter or crying or paying attention to emotional aspects of a facial expression, which hemisphere is more active?

Back 18

the right hemisphere

Front 19

Which brain hemisphere is more Responsive to emotional stimuli than the other?

Back 19

RIGHT hemisphere

Front 20

People with damage to the right hemisphere have trouble identifying what?

Back 20

Other peoples emotional expressions (facial expressions)

Front 21

People who show damage to this hemisphere do not experience strong emotions or even don't remember feeling the emotions at all

Back 21

the right hemisphere

Front 22

Which hemisphere is "Less emotional" or less responsive to emotional stimuli
(Last one, I promise)

Back 22

the left hemisphere

Front 23

Prefrontal cortex damage

(think Phineas Gage, the guy who was a railroad worker in the 1840s and had a metal rod shoot through his forehead bc of an explosion, but survived)

Back 23

.blunted emotions

.impaired decision making

.impulsive and unemotional decision making

.more likely to choose utalitarian option, even if it is emotionally unacceptable to most people

.inability to evaluate values and emotions (and to make decisions accordingly)

Front 24

Why does damage to brain areas related to emotional feelings also impair decision making?
("a likely hypothesis")

Back 24

people with impaired or absent ability to feel emotionally cannot imagine what the emotional reactions to the possible consequences of their decisions will be.

Front 25

ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage

(a specific part of the prefrontal cortex)

Back 25

.lack sense of guilt

.more selfish

.little concern or care for others

.low generosity

Front 26

prefrontal cortex or AMYGDALA damage

Back 26

.no nervous tension

.failure to anticipate the unpleasantness of many likely outcomes => bad decisions

* can also HELP make better decisions SOMETIMES because can calmly follow advice and logic in emergency situations without emotions infterfering (e.g. car crash, etc.)