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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biological Foundations of Behavior
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Physiological Psychology”
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The Neuron
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The elementary unit of the nervous system, called the nerve cell. The nervous system contains 10-100 billion. There are many types of nerve cells. Nerve cells do not reproduce. Neurons do die. Humans loose 10,000 each day and that number increases with age.
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Three Basic Structure Units in the Neuron
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Soma
Dendrites Axon |
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Soma
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Cell body; contains the nucleus; controls all cellular activities oxygen utilization and energy production.
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Dendrites
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Short fibers extending from the soma; they are receiving stations picking up signals.
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neurotransmitters
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releases chemical transmitter substances
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Action Potentials
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generate and transmit nerve signals; called impulse; they occur even when nothing is happening = Base Rate of Firing Anything below the base rate is not acted upon and anything above it is acted upon.
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The space between the neurons
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synapse= Synaptic spaces
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Nervous system divided into
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1. Central Nervous System =
a) Brain b) Spinal Cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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All the nerves connecting the muscles, glands, and sensory receptors with the CNS. Relays information in and out
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clusters
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Somas cluster together
Axons cluster together |
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Peripheral Nervous System is divided into
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A)Somatic Nervous System – consists of
1.Cranial Nerves – 12 pairs at the brain 2.Spinal Nerves – 31 pairs in the spinal cord |
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Cranial Nerves
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a) Carry Sensory information into the brain = sensory = afferent nerves IN
b) Carry information out of the brain = motor = efferent nerves OUT c) Mixed Nerves – both sensory and motor |
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Spinal Nerves
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a) Dorsal Root = Sensory fibers enter damage – no feeling
b) Ventral Root = motor fibers leaving damage – paralysis |
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reflexive behaviors are...
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functions of the spinal cord
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Autonomic Nervous System – divided into
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Sympathetic System –
Parasympathetic System |
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Sympathetic System –
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speeds up emergencies (adrenaline)
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Parasympathetic System
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slows down, digestion, energy,, conservation
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Brain 3-parts (bottom to up)
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1) Hindbrain
2) Midbrain 3) Forebrain |
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Dorsal Root
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Sensory fibers enter
if damage – no feeling |
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Ventral Root
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motor fibers leaving
if damage – paralysis |
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Hindbrain
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i. Medulla
ii. Pans iii. Cerebellum |
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Medulla
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lies closest to the spinal cord controls - heart rate respiration
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Pans
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Function respiration, body movement
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Cerebellum
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– two large connected lobes – motor- body movement if damaged disturbance of balance movement and muscle tone
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Midbrain made up of...
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i. Reticular Formation-
ii. Colliculi- |
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Reticular Formation-
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- Function Sleep, wakefulness, attention. Damage – permanent comatose (Drugs and alcohol work on this area)
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Colliculi-
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4 bumps
1. Superior(x2)– visual 2. Inferior(x2)– auditory |
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Forebrain made up of...
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i. Diencephalons
ii. Telencephalon |
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Diencephalons is divided into
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Hypothalamus – small
Thalamus– Visual |
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Hypothalamus functions are..
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eating, drinking, sexual behavior, reproductive sysles, activity cycles, temperature regulation, sleep, aggression, hormonal secretion
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Thalamus functions are....
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relay for visual auditory touch position, sleep and attention
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Telencephalon is divided into
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1. Basal Ganglia Ganglia
2. Corpus Callosum 3. Cerebral Cortex |
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Basal Ganglia
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nuclei buried deep within the cerebral hemisphere; Function – control of movement : degeneration Parkinson’s (muscles )Huntington Chorea
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Corpus Callosum
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Major communication link between the two cerebral hemispheres(R&L); surgical severing of them Split brain operation
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Cerebral Cortex
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Largest and most prominent part in the higher mammals ; highly convoluted(has bumps) fissures to increase the surface area. Fewer fissures in lower animals; right side of the body is controlled by the left side of the brain, and the left side of the body is controlled by the right side of the brain.
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Motor Cortex function is...
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Function- control of movement, muscle tone, fine and skilled movement; voluntary muscles; Localization of Function = each function has a specific area for that function the finer the degree of control
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Sensory Cortex function is...
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Receiving station for the sensory system vision auditory and somthesis; Topographic Organization. Each receptor and function has a specific point of area. (colors)
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Association Cortex function is....
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Largest part in humans; more complex forms of behavior; dominant or left hemisphere, thinking reasoning math science right hemisphere art music creativity. Attention; humans have most; the more association cortex more learning ability
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The Limbic System
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Not in a specific area
Circuit, flows, covering many areas Functions - motivation emotion eating, drinking, aggression, memory Damages – docility(no emotions), emotional changes, short memory, depression Produces extremely pleasurable sensation *Deteriorates due to alcohol and drugs. |
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The Endocrine System
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Consists of 7 endocrine glands
Located throughout the body They are organs that secret certain chemicals called, hormones into general circulation blood stream Hormones Chemical messages affecting organs |
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Pituitary Gland
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master gland; controls the activity of the other endocrine glands, Increases energy productions
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The Thyroid Gland
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located in the neck; function - metamorphosis, growth; underproduction during dev-cretinism = dwarfism and retardation. Runs on Iodine, lack of Iodine can cause bumps, weight gain, and tiredness.
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Adrenal Glands
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= located above the kidneys; 2 distinct parts; Function- side one :prepare the body for emergencies, natural steroids, side two :metabolizing carbohydrates, balance of sodium and potassium
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Gonads
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glands = ovaries and testies; Function – sexual cycles, sexual characteristics, mating, reproduction, uterus
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Behavioral Genetics
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Concerned with the effects of heredity(genetics) and the effects of environment on behavior; Genetics began with Sir Frances Galton (wanted to find out where geniuses comes from); behaviors are determined by interacting genetics and environmental factors
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Genetic Structures
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Parents transmit genes containing DNA; the genes are on the Chromosomes with in the nucleus of the cell; each chromosomes has a large number of genes; 1 million. Sperm and Ova provide 23 chromosomes each; 46. One chromosome in a pair coming from mother and one from the father = 23 pairs; one will be dominate and one recessive
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Cells multiply through the process of
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cell division
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Mitosis
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Autosomes (regular cells) – Pairs 1-22 regular cells
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2) Meiosis –
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Sex Cells – Pair 23
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In Pair 23 gender is determined by the______
a) Mother b)Father |
b)Father
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XX -
a)Female b)Male |
a)Female
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XY -
a)Female b)Male |
b)Male
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Identical Twins
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come from 1 ova 1 sperm; 100% identical heredity; called monozygotic
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Fraternal Twins
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come from 2 ova and 2 sperm; have 50% heredity shared; called dyzgotic
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DNA =
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genetic material that carries the heredity; creates more DNA and RNA = which syntheses protein to give energy: DNA directs the course of development
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Dominate Genes
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the expresses characteristic = phenotype – need only one to be expressed
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Recessive Genes
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are carried, not expressed, need two to be expressed
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Genetic methods For Humans –
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Twin comparisons – compare sets of identical twins vs. fraternal twins
Family correlations – similarities from % on a particular trait between different family members Adoption studies - Genetics vs. environment |
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Genetic methods For Animals
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Selective Breeding = quantity of a trait
Inbred Strains = mating related animals |
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EEG
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– Electrical recording of the brain; called electroencephalogram.
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EKG
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Electrical recording of the heart;
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Genetics vs. Environment
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1) Both are interrelated in behavior, making it hard to separate them
Genetics – gives you all your potential and limitations; set at the moment of conception Environment – helps or hinders the bringing out of it; Good environment increases your potential coming out. Bad environment stifles 2) Both are essential Irrespective of which might be more important, we can only change environment; concentrate on what can be changed. |