Biol 2404 2.3

Front 1

What are organic molecules?

Back 1

Molecules that are found in or derived from living organisms and contain carbon and hydrogen arranged in rings or chains

Front 2

What is an example of an organic molecule and why?

Back 2

Ethane (CH3CH3) because it contains both carbon and hydrogen.

Front 3

What are biomolecules and macromolecules?

Back 3

Subsets of organic molecules found in or produced by living organisms

Front 4

What are the 4 biomolecules?

Back 4

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Front 5

What are biomolecules?

Back 5

Made of smaller molecules put together to make larger molecules

Front 6

What are Monomers (building blocks or subunits)?

Back 6

The smaller molecules that make up large biomolecules

Front 7

What is a polymer?

Back 7

Many monomers strung together to make up a large molecule (Like a necklace. Monomers are the beads and the necklace is the polymer)

Front 8

What is the monomer to the polymer, Carbohydrate?

Back 8

Monosaccharide

Front 9

What is the monomer to the polymer, Protein?

Back 9

Amino Acids

Front 10

What is the monomer to the polymer, Nucleic Acid?

Back 10

Nucleotides

Front 11

What is the monomer to the polymer, Lipid?

Back 11

There is none

Front 12

How are monomers strung together to form polymers by?

Back 12

Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation Reactions

Front 13

What happens with dehydration synthesis (condensation)?

Back 13

Two molecules covalently bond to form a larger one by the removal of a water molecule

Front 14

What happens with hydrolysis?

Back 14

A larger molecule is broken down into two smaller ones by the addition of a water molecule

Front 15

Which class of biomolecules range in size from small sugar molecules (monosaccharides, ex sugar) to large molecules (polysaccharides, ex starch)

Back 15

Carbohydrates

Front 16

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

Back 16

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Front 17

What is the primary role of carbohydrates?

Back 17

To provide energy for all the cells in the body. Serves as instant energy sources and as transportable or storable forms of energy

Front 18

What do cells also use carbohydrates for?

Back 18

As the building blocks and as signaling molecules and storage

Front 19

What is the most common monosaccharide?

Back 19

Glucose

Front 20

What are disaccharides?

Back 20

Two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reaction

Front 21

What do disaccharides include?

Back 21

Maltose: glucose + glucose

Lactose: glucose + galactose

Sucrose: glucose + fructose

Front 22

How are polysaccharides made?

Back 22

Many monosaccharides joined together through dehydration reactions

Front 23

What are examples of polysaccharides?

Back 23

Glycogen, cellulose, and starch

Front 24

What are ribose and deoxyribose examples of?

Back 24

Monosaccharides

Front 25

What do lipids contain?

Back 25

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (but less oxygen than carbohydrates)

Front 26

Are lipids water-fearing?

Back 26

Yes, they are hydrophobic molecules

Front 27

Are lipids polar or nonpolar molecules?

Back 27

Nonpolar

Front 28

Functions of Lipids

Back 28

1. Energy storage

2. Build cells

3. Cushion and protect

4. Hormones

Front 29

What categories do lipids include?

Back 29

Fatty Acids

Fats (triglycerides)

Phospholipids

Steroids

Front 30

What are fatty acids?

Back 30

Chains of hydrogen and carbon 4 - 20 carbons long

Front 31

Saturated Fatty Acids

Back 31

If they have only single bonds between the carbons in the tail

Front 32

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Back 32

Fatty acids with one or more double bonds between carbons

Front 33

What are the most common fats in the body?

Back 33

Triglycerides

Front 34

What are the biological roles of triglycerides?

Back 34

Function mainly as energy reservoirs

Also cushion our organs and provide insulation

Front 35

What are phospholipids?

Back 35

The main component of biological membranes

Front 36

What are steroids?

Back 36

Lipids that do not contain fatty acid chains and consist of 4 carbon rings all fused together

Front 37

What is cholesterol?

Back 37

(chole: bile + stereos: solid) Common steroid in animals. Makes up 30% of our cell membrane

Front 38

What are proteins?

Back 38

The most abundant of all biomolecules and are vital in the normal function of the body. Essential for all living organisms

Front 39

Major Functions of Proteins

Back 39

1. Support (structure)

2. Movement (contraction)

3. Transport (hemoglobin transports)

4. Buffering (prevent changes in pH)

5. Metabolic Regulation (enzymes)

6. Control (hormones)

7. Defense (antibodies)

Front 40

What are amino acids?

Back 40

The legos of life - tiny bricks that snap together, forming the proteins

Front 41

What are the monomers of proteins?

Back 41

Amino Acids (20 different amino acids found in proteins)

Front 42

Structure of Amino Acids

Back 42

All have central carbon called alpha carbon then attached to that are 4 different groups: 1 amino group, 1 carboxyl group, 1 hydrogen group, 1 variable R group

Front 43

What creates peptide bonds between amino acids?

Back 43

Dehydration Reaction

Front 44

Dipeptide

Back 44

Two amino acids joined by a peptide bond

Front 45

Polypeptide

Back 45

Larger chains of amino acids (less than 100)

Front 46

What is a peptide with 100 or more amino acids?

Back 46

Protein

Front 47

4 Levels of Protein Structure

Back 47

1. Primary: sequence of amino acids

2. Secondary: local structures (coils and folds in peptide chain)

3. Tertiary: overall 3-dimensional shape (folding of the polypeptides)

4. Quaternary: organization of the subunit (not all proteins will have multiple subunits, but many do)

Front 48

How does a protein lose its function?

Back 48

If it unfolds and loses its 3-dimensional shape

Front 49

What is denaturation primarily caused by?

Back 49

Shifts in pH or temperature, but also disruptions in ion concentrations

Front 50

What are the most important proteins in the body?

Back 50

Enzymes

Front 51

Substrates

Back 51

Reactants in the chemical (enzymatic) reaction

Front 52

Active Site

Back 52

The region of the enzyme where the substrates will bind

Front 53

Product

Back 53

The molecule produced b the enzymatic reaction. It is released from the active site following formation

Front 54

What are nucleic acids?

Back 54

biomolecule polymers built from atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous

Front 55

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Back 55

Nucleotides

Front 56

Primary function of nucleic acids

Back 56

To store genetic information and direct protein synthesis in cells

Front 57

What are the 2 classes of nucleic acids

Back 57

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Front 58

3 components of nucleotide

Back 58

Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous Base

Front 59

Nucleotides that compose DNA/RNA have sugar called?

Back 59

Deoxyribose/Ribose

Front 60

What are the different nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA?

Back 60

Thymine (DNA) Uracil (RNA)

Both have Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

Front 61

How do nucleotides form nucleic acids?

Back 61

Dehydration Synthesis (removing water forms a covalent bond)

Front 62

What is the most important source of energy in our cells?

Back 62

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) *primary source of the energy for activities in the cell)

Front 63

Energy is required to _________ ATP and then that energy is ___________ when ATP is hydrolyzed

Back 63

create, released

Front 64

is the creation of ATP from ADP and the breakdown of ATP into ADP reversible?

Back 64

Yes, reversible chemical reaction

Front 65

How many phosphate groups does ATP have?

Back 65

3