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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Vertebrates without a Jaw None of the gills are directly associated with the skull. Branchial Arches only support the gills and provide attachment sites for respiratory muscles. |
PALEOSTYLY |
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Palatoquadrate forms the upper jaw while Meckel's cartilage forms the lower jaw. It directly attaches to the chondrocranium. The hyoid arch does not provide any support to the jaws. |
AUTOSTYLY |
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The Hyoid Arch specialized to form the Hyomandibula which helps to support the jaws. The Palatoquadrate is suspended in two places. Attached by ligaments to the chondrocranium and it is also attached via another ligament to the hyomandibula. |
AMPHYISTYLY |
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The Palatoquadrate forms the upper jaw while Meckel's Cartilage forms the lower jaw. The Hyomandibula of the hyoid arch forms a swinging bridge that loosely attaches the Palatoquadrate to the rest of the skull. |
HYOSTYLY |
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The Quadrate bone of the upper jaw articulates with the Articular bone of the lower jaw. The Hyomandibula of the Hyoid Arch, together with another bone called the Symplectic, form a swinging bridge connecting the quadrate to the rest of the skull. (Enables to perform suction feeding) |
MODIFIED HYOSTYLY |
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The Quadrate Bone of the upper jaw articulates with Articular Bone of the lower jaw. The quadrate bone attaches directly to the brain case of the skull. Hyomandibula of the Hyoid Arch is not involved in jaw suspension and is modified to form the Columella, a tiny bone of the middle ear. |
METAUTOSTYLY |
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In mammals, the entire upper jaw is completely fused to the braincase. The lower jaw is composed of a single dermal bone called the Dentary. The dentary articulates with the Squamosal bone of the braincase. The Quadrate and Articular bones are not associated with the jaws, and have been modified to form the Incus and Malleus (tiny bones in the middle ear). Hyoid Arch is not involved in jaw suspension and Hyomandibula has been modified to form the Stapes. Mammals have three bones INCUS MALLEUS and STAPES. |
CRANIOSTYLY |
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Holocephali has what kind of Jaw Suspension? |
Autostyly |
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What Jaw Suspension are vertebrates without Jaws classified as? |
Paleostyly |
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What kind of Jaw Suspension do Sharks have? |
Hyostyly |
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What kind of Jaw Suspension do most Actinopterygiian fish have? |
Modified Hyostyly |
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What kind of Jaw Suspension do most Amphibians and Sauropsids have? |
Metautosyly |
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What kind of Jaw Suspension do mammals have |
Craniostyly |
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What taxon of vertebrates lack cartilaginous skeleton, a vertebrae, and have a muscular body divided into myotomes? |
Myxinoidea (Hagfish) |
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Similar to the Myxinoidea, but has a vertebrae and a notochord. |
Petromyzontida |
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Usually has a spiracle (reduced gill), and have placoid scales. They contain a large liver that produced oil to increase their buoyancy. |
Chondrichthyes |
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Have a bony skeleton, and have a branch of tetrapods, and osteichthyes. |
Teleostomi |
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Ray-Finned Fish |
Actinopterygii |
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Fleshy Finned Fish |
Sarcopterygii |
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The group name for Reptiles, Birds, Amphibians, Mammals. Anything with muscular limbs and walks on the ground. Contain atlas. |
Tetrapods |
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Can breath through skin, and have poisonous and mucous glands. They only have one type of cervical vertebrae: Atlas, which allows the head to move up and down. |
Amphibia |
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Fishes and amphibians are this type of group name |
Anamniotes |
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Reptiles and birds belong into this group |
Sauropsids |
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Mammals and Sauropsids belong to this group because their embryos are surrounded in several extraembryonic membranes, including the AMNION which seals the embryo in a water-proof chamber. Contains ATLAS and AXIS (side to side) |
Amniotes |
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Turtles and their relatives. How many temporal fenestrae do they have? |
Parareptilia. None: Anapsid |
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Lepidosauria (Snakes, Liards, Legless Lizards, and Tuatara) and Archosauria (crocodilians and birds) are apart of this group. How many temporal fenestrae do they have? |
Eureptilia. They have two: Diapsid |
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How many temporal fenestrae do they have? They have hair, sweat glands, and are endothermic. The lower jaw is composed of a single bone, the Dentary, which forms a joint with the squamosal bone. There are three main taxa of living mammals. |
Mammalia |
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Chondrocranium protects what parts of the prain? |
Ventral, Lateral, and Posterior |
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What does the Chondrocranium form? |
Olfactory (Smell) Capsules, Optic Capsules, and the Otic (Inner Ears) Capsules. |
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What forms the Chondrocranium and what is it initially created as? |
Mesenchyme (Mesoderm), and Neural Crest Cells (Ectoderm). Cartilage |
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In which three taxas do the Chondrocranium stay the same in? |
Myxinoidea, Petromyzontida, Chondrichthyes |
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What do the Chondrocranium later ossify into in teleostomi? |
Endochondrial Bone |
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TRUE OR FALSE?
In all vertebrates, the chondrocranium forms the entire brain case. |
FALSE.
In chondrichthyes, that is true. However, for teleostomis, the dorsal region of the braincase if formed by the dermatocranium |
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What are the three types of bones that make up the chondrocranium?? |
Occipitals, Sphenoids, and Ethmoids. |
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Are the branchial arches apart of the Splanchocranium? |
YES |
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How many branchial arches are there in the splanchnocranium? |
Seven 7 |
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What is the first branchial arch called? |
Mandibular Arch. |
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Posterior to the Mandibulars Arch, what is the second (II) branchial arch called? |
Hyoid Arch |
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What part of the skull is usually made out of Dermal bone that cover the head to protect the brain and gills? |
Dermatocranium |
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What is the Dermatocranium made out of? |
Mesenchyme of the dermis --> Dermatome Epimere Mesoderm. |
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What does the primary palate do? |
Separates the nasal passageway from the braincase |
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What does the secondary palate do? |
Separates the oral passageway from the nasal passageway |
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Do birds have a secondary palate? |
Yes. It is a soft (fleshy) palate with no bony component. |
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How can locating temporal fenestrae be found useful? |
In the amniotes, the presence, absence, and structure of Temporal Fenestrae can be used to distinguish between major taxas. |
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Turtles have what kind of Temporal Fenestrae? If they do not have one, what do they have instead? |
Anapsid: NONE. Instead they have a Otic Notch. |
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What are having two temporal fenestraes called? Who have them? |
Diapsid: Snakes, Lizards, Crocodiles, Birds. |
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What about one temporal fenestrae and who would have them? |
Synapsid: Mammals. |
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Teeth that are fused by their bases to the outer surface of the jaw. The teeth are not firmly rooted and are easily lost and replaced. |
Acrodont |
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What are teeths that are easily replaced titled? |
Polyphyodont |
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One side of each tooth is fused to the inner surface of the jaw. This occurs in the Necturus, and in frogs and lizards. These teeth are usually polyphyodont. |
Pleurodont |
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The teeth are securely anchored in a socket in the jaw. |
Thecodont |
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Similar looking sets of teeth are classified as ______ |
Homodont Condition |
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Varieties of teeth functions, shape, and sizes are classified as ______________ |
Heterodont Conditions |
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Dense connective tissue that functions to provide stuctural support. It is derived from ____________.
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Derived from mesenchyme. Cartilage! |
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___________, surround themselves with a matrix of polysaccharides and protein fibers. They are located in pits called ___________. |
1. Chondrocytes 2. Lacunae |
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Hard, dense tissue. Composed of a matrix of protein fibers and calcium phosphate. What lives inside the lacunae of these? |
Bones. Inside the Lacunae, there are Osteocytes. |
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How are bones formed? |
Ossification |
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Bone tissues can be classified into two main types based on its method of formation. What are the two types? |
Intramembranous and Endochondral |
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Ossification of Hyaline Cartilage |
Endochondral Bone |
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Lengthening of the endochondrial bones occur when ___________ form new cartilage. What happens next? |
Epiphyses and then it is ossified into bone. |
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What bones are formed from mesenchyme and ossified directly into bone? (Without cartilage being formed first) |
Intramemberanous Bones |
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Type of intramemberanous bone that forms by intramemberanous ossification of mesenchyme of the dermis. |
Dermal Bone |
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A sheet of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the outer surface of each bone. |
Periosteum |
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If a intramemberanous ossification then it is an _______________ |
Intramemberanous bone |
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If this intramemberanous bone forms from ossification of mesenchyme of the dermis, then it is ________________ |
Dermal Bone |
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If a bone forms mainly from endochondral ossification, then it is ______________________ |
Endochondrial Bone |
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What are the spaces in the trabeculae filled with? |
Marrow: A soft tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, and fat cells. |
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What connects the Lacunae together as well as connecting the lacunae to the Haversian canals? |
Small Canaliculi |
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What are the parts of a typical vertebrae? |
Centrum, Neural Arch, Hemal Arch. |
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Forms locking devices between successive vertebrae. |
Zygapophyses |
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How can you determine which is the front and which is the back? |
Anterior: Prezygapophyses = Up and Towards Posterior: Postzygapophyses = Down and Away |
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Tetrapods have zygapophyses while fishes do not. What is the purpose of zygapophyses? |
Prevent torsion and twisting of the vertebral column |
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What are the purposes of a Diapophyses? How about a Parapophyses? |
Smooth surfaces that pair up on each side of the centra in tetrapods, which articulate with two-headed ribs. |
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Where is the Paraphophyses located? How about the Diapophyses? |
Parapophyses are located on the centrum. Diapophyses are located on the tranverse processes. |
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Found only in the anterior caudal region of mammals. V-shaped midventral projections from the centrum. |
Hypopophyses. |
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Lateral projections of the centrum which include short, fused, ribs. |
Pleurapophyses |
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What are the five types of Centra? |
Amphicoelous, Opisthocoelous, Heterocoelous, Procoelous, and Acoelous. |
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Which Germ Layer does Appendicular Skeleton derive from? (Be Specific) |
Somatic Hypomere Mesoderm |
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Which Germ Layer does Kidney derive from? (Be Specific) |
Mesomere Mesoderm |
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Which Germ Layer does Dermatome derive from? (Be Specific) |
Dermatome Epimere Mesoderm |
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Which Germ Layer does Hearts and Vessels form from? (Be Specific) |
Splanchnic Hypomere Mesoderm |
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What Germ Layer do Epidermis derive from? |
Somatic Ectoderm |
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Central Nervous System (including brain and spinal cord) are derived from ________________ |
Neural Plate Ectoderm |
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Peripheral Nervous System and Splanchnocranium are derived from _______________ |
Neural Crest Ectoderm |
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Pancreas, Gall Bladder, and Lungs are all derived from _______________ |
Endoderm |
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When is the Coelom formed? |
Neurulation |
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Differentiation of Mesoderm into _____ regions titled __________ _______________ _______________ |
1. Three 2. Epimere, Mesomere, Hypomere |
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Epimere is divided into 3: |
Dermatome, Myotome, Sclerotome |
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What is a similar body function as mesenchyme in the frogs? |
Neural Crest Cells |
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What is at the posterior region of the primitive streak? How about at the anterior region of the primitive streak? |
1. Kollers Sickle 2. Henson's Node |
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What is the Chorion plus Allantois? What is its purpose? |
Chorioallantoic Membrane. It is allows for gas exchange. |
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What does the Vitelline vessels do in the chick embryo? |
Brings nutrients to the embryo |
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What are some key features of the amnion? |
Damps any damage, Prevents the embryo from drying out Suspension in the egg |
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Which direction does the Henson Node move? |
From Anterior --> Posterior |
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What is the meaning of Protosomes? What is the meaning of Deuterostomes? |
Blastopore creates the mouth Blastopore creates the anus. |
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What is the meaning of Homologous Characters? |
Organisms that share a common ancestor will share characters that they inherit from their ancestors. |
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What is the meaning of Monophyletic Group? |
They consist of one ancestor and all its descendants. |
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Which group of centra types (vertebrae) do Chondichthyes, and Actinopterygii belong to? |
Amphicoelus |
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Which two groups of centra types (vertebrae) can Sauropsids, and Amphibians belong to? |
1. Procoelus 2. Opisthocoelus |
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Which group of centra types (vertebrae) do Mammals belong to? |
Acoelus |
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Which group of centra types (vertebrae) do Aves and Parareptilia belong to? |
Heterocoelus |