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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cellular respiration |
breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Release of energy to do the work of the cell |
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Glycolysis |
Stage 1: takes place in the cytoplasm. Glucose is partially broken down and a modest amount of energy is released. Fatty acids and amino acids may also be broken down by different pathways. |
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Acetyl-CoA synthesis |
Stage 2: occurs in the cytoplasm. Pyruvate, produced from the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis, is converted to acetyl-CoA and CO2. |
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Citric acid cycle |
Stage 3: Acetyl-CoA is broken down, releasing more carbon dioxide, a modest amount of energy, and electron carriers. |
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oxidative phosphorylation |
Stage 4: the electron carrier produced from stages 1-3 release their high energy electrons to the electron transport chain to produce ATP |
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Cellular respiration map |
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Oxidation and Reduction |
Oxidation = loss of electrons/decrease in electron density Reduction= gain of electrons/increase in electron density In the breakdown of glucose, glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide and oxygen is reduced to water. |
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Oxidation |
losing electrons. Losing hydrogen atoms. |
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Reduction |
gaining electrons. Gaining hydrogen atoms. |
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redux reaction formula |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
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Electron Carriers |
NAD+/NADH and FADH/FADH2 = most important electron carriers. Oxidized form= NAD+ and FADH reduced form= vice versa. |
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Substrate-level phosphorylation |
Process of converting ADP to ATP in the cytoplasm by the direct transfer of a phosphate group. Lacks oxygen. Phosphoenolpyruvate donates phosphate to ADP to make ATP and Pyruvate is left over which powers the next step of AcetylCoA enzyme. |
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Glycolysis |
A series of ten chemical reactions. The starting molecule is glucose, and the end product is a 3-carbon molecule pyruvate. Glycolysis consumes 2 ATP and produces 2 Pyruvate molecules, 2 NADH, and 4 ATPs. |
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Three phases of glycolysis |
1. Prep phase (consume 2 ATP) 2. Cleavage phase 3. Payoff phase (with production of 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH) |
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Mitochondria |
Stages 2-4 of cellular respiration take place here. Contains outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, and the Matrix. |
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Acetyl-CoA Synthesis |
Pyruvate that has been made in the cytoplasm enters the mitrocondria matrix. Here, CO2 is removed from the Pyruvate molecules (there are 2 molecules), and this reaction powers up the reduction reaction to form NADH. Then, Coenzyme A binds to the former pyruvate molecule making it unstable and creaing Acetyl-CoA which will power the Krebs cycle. |
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Citric Acid Cycle |
Acetyl-CoA molecules undergo an 8 step process that produces 2 CO2 molecules (which we exhale as waste), 2 ATP, 6NADH, and 2 FADH2. This is the case because there are 2 Acetyl-CoA molecules, effectively doubling the count. |
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Electron Transport Chain |
ETC is a series of protein complexes that are embedded on the mitochondrial inner membrane. Electrons that are donated to these complexes transfers to the complexes. Coupled with these reactions is the pumping of hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane. This generates the gradient used by the ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic Phosphate. |
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Electron Transport Chain processes |
Complex 1: if there is NADH, donates an electron. One H+ flows through. Complex 2: if there is FADH2, then this binds to this complex donating an electron. H+ flows through. Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone): accepts the electrons from both C1 and C2 and passes it to C3. Complex 3: Accepts electrons from CoQ originating from Complexes 1 and 2, and H+ flows through. Passes electrons to Cytochrome c. Cytochrome c: accepts electron, transports it to complex 4. Complex 4: accepts the two electrons and binds them to oxygen which forms water. |
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ATP Synthase |
a molecular machine that is is composed of two subunits F0 and F1. F0 forms a channel and rotates as protons pass through it. F1 then uses this roational energy to catalyze the synthesis of ATP. |
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Where after the ETC does the high proton gradient reside? |
not in the mitochondrial matrix, but in the intermembrane space. Then proteins power up F0 subunit on ATP Synthase and catalyzes the synthesis of ATP. Hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase into the matrix. |
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Complete oxidation of glucose yields |
32 ATP. Glycolysis yields 2 NADH and 2ATP, Acetyl-CoA Synthesis yields 2 NADH, Citric Acid Cycle yields 6 NADH 2FADH2 and 2 ATP, and the ETC produces 28 ATP. |
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Fermentation |
in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is broken down to produce lactic acid in animals and bacteria and ethanol in plants and fungi. NAD+ that is produced during fermentation is used in glycolysis. |
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Beta-oxidation |
In lipid digestion, ATP is not produced, but instead NADH and FADH2 are produced, thus creating a massive amount of ATP through ETC. |
