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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Energy?
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The capacity to do work
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What are the two Laws of Thermodynamics?
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1. Energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created/destroyed
2. Entropy or disorder increases unless energy is supplied to maintain order |
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What is life's main energy source?
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Sunlight
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What is life's main energy carrying molecule?
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
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How does ATP transfer energy?
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Gives up third phosphate group, becomes ADP
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What do we call a chemical reaction that involved the transfer of a phosphate group?
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Phosphorylation
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What are Redox Reductions?
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Oxidation Reduction Reactions. Electrons transferred from one molecule to another
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If a molecule is oxidized, it (gains or gives up?) electrons
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Gives up
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What is an Electron Transport Chain?
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Enzyme which accepts or gives up electrons in a sequence. Electrons give up a little energy in each step of chain
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What are Metabolic Pathways?
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Enzyme controlled sequences of chemical reactions
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What is an Anabolic Pathway?
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Requires inputs of energy. Construct high energy molecules from smaller.
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What is the most important Anabolic Pathway?
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Photosynthesis
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What is a Catabolic Pathway?
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Releases energy. Breaks down molecules into small, low energy products.
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What is the most important Catabolic Pathway?
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Cellular Respiration
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What are enzymes made for?
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Proteins
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What is a substrate?
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Name for molecules which bind to enzyme to create a faster chemical reaction
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What is an active site?
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Location on enzyme where substrate will bind
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What is Activation Energy?
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Energy needed to start chemical reaction
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How do Enzymes work?
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Lower activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction
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Why are enzymes important such important biological molecules?
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1. make chemical reactions happen hundreds times faster
2. most enzymes can be reused 3. lower activation energy |
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What are co-factors?
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Help enzyme function properly, move electrons and hydrogen ions frm one reaction to another
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What are Environmental Factors?
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Temperature, ph, etc. in specific limits for enzymes to function
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What are Inhibitors (Allosteric Activators)?
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Can bind to the enzyme, change shape, and can either block or allow enzyme to bind to substrate
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What is Feedback Inhibition?
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When reaction product is too common, blocks enzyme from producing
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What is Diffusion?
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Tendency for solution to move from high to low concentration
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What is Osmosis?
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Diffusion of water from region of high to low concentration
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What controls diffusion rate?
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1. steeper concentration gradient = faster diffusion
2. smaller solute = faster diffusion 3. higher temp. = faster |
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What drives the movement of molecules in Diffusion/Osmosis?
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Temperature
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What is Hydrostatic Pressure?
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Force that a fluid exerts against a membrane of other structure
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What can cross the cell membrane?
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Hydrophobic molecules, O2, CO2, other small non polar molecules
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What cannot cross the cell membrane?
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Hydrophillic molecules, glucose, ions, other large polar molecules
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What is Passive Transport?
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Does not require energy, movement w/ concentration gradient
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What is Active Transport?
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Requires energy, movement against concentration gradient
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What is Exocytosis?
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Moving something out of cell
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What is Endocytosis?
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Moving something into cell
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How old are the oldest known fossils?
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3.5 Billion years old
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What living organisms are the oldest known fossils most like?
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Cyanobacteria
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What are the properties of life?
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1. Capacity for Metabolism
2. Controlled responses to environment 3. Growth 4. Self-reproductivity |
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What is metabolism?
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controlled chemical reactions that acquire/use energy
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What are structural features all cell's share?
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1. Plasma or cell membrane
2. DNA, RNA or ribosomes 3. Cytoplasm |
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What is the main component of the Plasma membrane?
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Phospholipids
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Describe the phospholipids
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1 hydrophilic head, 2 hydrophobic tails
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Describe the cell membrane.
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Phopholipid bilayer
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What is DNA?
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Instructions for making proteins
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What is RNA?
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molecules that read DNA and construct proteins
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Why is DNA a better genetic code then RNA?
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RNA- single stranded, easily broken
DNA- double stranded, twisted, stable |
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What is the Cytoplasm?
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water based "juice" inside the cell
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What are Prokaryotic Cells?
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Smallest, simplest cells
1. DNA kept in nucleoid area, no membrane 2. DNA circular, not linear 3. Plasmids, small circles of DNA, transferred between bacterial cells |
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What are the two domains?
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Archaea and Bacteria
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What is Endosymbiosis?
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Third Kingdom, Eukaryotic cells formed from fusion of Archaea and Bacteria
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What is the process of Endosymbiosis?
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1. 1-2 billion years ago, Archaea cell engulfed a Bacteria cell, became mitochondria
2. Second Bacteria cell engulfed, became chloroplast |
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What is Evidence for symbiotic bacterial origin?
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1. have their own DNA, RNA, ribosomes
2. genetic code of Bacteria 3. circular DNA |
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What are characteristics of Eukaryotic cells?
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1. single or multi celled
2. DNA in nucleus (w/membrane) 3. DNA is linear 4. Endomembrane system |
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What is nucleus?
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membrane that surrounds DNA
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What is Nuclear membrane made of?
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Phospholipid bi layer
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Why is DNA kept in the nucleus?
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Protect it from surrounding chemical reactions
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What is the Endoplasmic system?
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Flattened sacs inside the cell
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What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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E.R. site where proteins/lipids assembled
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What are Golgi Bodies?
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transports things out of cell
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What are Vesicles?
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sacs that bud off the E.R., golgi bodies, etc.
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What are Lysosomes?
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digest things inside the cell
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What are Peroxisomes?
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site of alcohol detoxification in liver cells, breaks down hydrogen peroxide
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What are Vacuoles?
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fluid filled sacs store food
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What is the Cytoskeleton?
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protein filaments that give cells shape
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What is the equation for the process of photosynthesis?
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12 H20 + 6 CO2 -->light--> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20
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When was the Big Bang?
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About 15 billion years ago
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What happened within a second after the Big Bang?
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Protons, Neutrons and Electrons were formed
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What happened about 300,000 years after the Big Bang?
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Protons, Neutrons and Electrons clump together, form H and He molecules
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What is Hydrogen made from?
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1 Proton 1 Electron
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What is Helium made from?
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2 Protons, 2 Neutrons, 2 Electrons
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What happened 1 billion years after the Big Bang?
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H and He clouds clumping --> galaxies and stars
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When did the Sun form?
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5 billion years ago
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How hot is the Sun?
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11,000 degrees F on surface
28,000,000 degrees F in core |
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Where does Sun get it's energy?
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Turning H molecules --> He through nuclear fusion
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What are two most abundant elements in the universe?
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H and He
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When did the Earth form?
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4.6 Billion years ago
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What are some characteristics of Earth?
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-Hot interior
-Magnetic field and atmosphere -Liquid water/ice/vapor |
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Where does the Earth get interior heat?
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Radioactive elements/decay in Earth's core
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When did the moon form?
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B/wn 4 and 4.6 billion years old
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How did the moon form?
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Mars sized asteroid slammed into Earth
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What are some general characteristics of the moon?
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-cold interior
-no atmosphere, magnetic field -some ice at poles |
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Where did the Earth's atmosphere come from?
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Gases released when Earth's mantle was compressed into layers
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What's Earth's early atmosphere compared to today's?
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Lots of CO2
Very little Oxygen |
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What caused an increase in the amount of Oxygen gas in the Earth's atmosphere?
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Very little CO2
Lots of Oxygen |
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What caused a decrease in the amount of Carbon Dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere?
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Evolution of photosynthesis
CO2 tied up in living organisms |
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What is currently increasing the amount of the Carbon Dioxide?
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Burning of fossil fuels releases carbon
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What layer of atmospheric gas protects life on Earth?
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Ozone layer
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What does Oxygen gas protect the Earth against?
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Ultraviolet (radiation)
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How is the Ozone layer formed?
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O2 combines with O --> O3 (ozone)
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How high and thick is the Ozone layer?
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31 miles high and a few mm's thick
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How much of the Earth's surface covered in water?
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75%
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How much of the Earth's water is salt water?
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97%
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How much of the Earth's water is fresh water?
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3%
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How much fresh water is tied up in glaciers/ice caps?
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69%
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When was the origin of life on Earth?
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3.5 billion years ago
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When was the origin of photosynthesis?
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2.5 billion years ago
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When was the origin of eukaryotic cells?
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1-2 billion years ago
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When did the first land animals and plants appear?
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500 million years ago
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What is an Element?
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Name given to atoms w/ same number of proton in their nucleus
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What is an Atomic Number?
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# of Protons = # of Electrons, atom is neutral
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What is Mass Number?
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Total number of Protons and Neutrons
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What is an Isotope?
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Element w/ same # of Protons, but different # of Neutrons
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What are common examples of Carbon Isotopes?
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C12 = 6 Protons, 6 Neutrons
C14 = 6 Protons, 8 Neutrons |
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What is Radioactive Decay?
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Element has too many neutrons, may be unstable, give off energy as it decays
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What do we call the time it takes for half the same to decay?
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Half Life
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How do tracer studies work?
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Attach radioactive molecules to molecules and track where they go
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How many levels does the first electron shell hold? Second level?
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First- 2 e-
Second- 8 e- |
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What is the make up of Oxygen?
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8 Protons, 8 Neutrons, 8 e-
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What is an Ion?
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When atom loses/gains e-, becomes positively or negatively charged
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What is an Ionic Bond?
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one atom gives up an e-, weak bond
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What is a Covalent Bond?
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Atoms share e-, strongest bond
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What is a Non-polar Covalent Bond?
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Two identical atoms share e- equally
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What is a Polar Covalent Bond?
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Two different atoms share e- unequally
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What is a Hydrogen Bond?
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H atoms lock into polar covalent bond, weak bonds (water molecules)
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What are five important characteristics of water?
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1. Water is a heat reservoir
2. Water is excellent solvent 3. Water is sticky 4. Water evaporates 5. Ice is less dense then water |
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Water molecules often split into ions of ______ and _______.
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Hydrogen (H+) and Hydroxide (OH-)
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What is the pH scale?
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Measures amount of H+ ions in solution
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The greater the H+ concentration, the _____ the pH, the more _______ the solution.
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Lower, Acidic
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What pH are most fluids in your body?
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7.3 to 7.5, slightly basic
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What are acids? Example?
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molecule that donates H+ ions dissolved in water
HCL- hydrochloric acid --> H + CL |
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What is Hypoventilation?
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Breathing too shallow, blood too acidic
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What is Respiratory Acidosis?
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Blood is too acidic
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What is a base? Example?
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Molecule that accepts H+ ions
Milk of Magnesia (Mg(OH)2) |
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What is Hyperventilation?
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Breathing too rapidly, Blood too basic
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What is Tetany?
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Blood is too basic
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What are salts? Example?
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molecule releases ions other then H+ when dissolved in water
Sodium Chloride (NaCL) |
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Why is Sea Salt bigger than table salt?
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Sea salt = NaCL, KCL, MgCL, CaCL
Salt = NaCL |
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Why is carbon an important biological element?
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Needs four e- to complete outer shell, four bonds
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What are Functional Groups?
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single atoms or clusters covalently bonded to carbon atoms
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What is an organic molecule?
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Molecule w/ Carbon and H atom
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What is a Carbohydrate?
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Sugars. Polar, hydrophillic and most abundant
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What is a simple sugar? example?
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Monosacharides, brain's preferred food
ex. Glucose (C6H12O6) |
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What is a short-chain sugar? three examples?
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Disaccharides
ex. Sucrose ex 2. Glucose + Fructose ex 3. Lactose = Glucose + Galactose |
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What are long chain sugars?
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Complex Carbohydrates
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What are the types of sugars?
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1. Simple sugar
2. Short chain sugar 3. Long chain sugar |
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What is Cellulose?
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Plant cell walls rigid
Humans cannot digest |
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What is Starch?
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How plants store the glucose they make
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What is Glycogen?
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How animals store glucose they eat
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What are characteristics of Lipids?
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Non-polar, Hydrophobic, Greasy/oily
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What are Fats and Fatty Acids?
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Long chain of carbon atoms
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What are Saturated Fatty Acids?
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Carbons joined by single bonds, saturated with H atoms
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What are Unsaturated Fatty Acids?
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Double bonds b/wn some Carbon atoms
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Animal fats are _____ at room temp.
Plant fats are ______ at room temp. |
Solid, Liquid
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What are Triglycerides?
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Most abundant lipids in body
Richest source of energy |
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Where do vertebrates store triglycerides?
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Tiny droplets inside fat cells of adipose tissue
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Why do you store triglycerides but not sugars?
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Fats have twice as much energy
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What are Phospholipids?
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Component of cell membrane
Nonpolar hydrophobic tails Polar hydrophilic head |
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How do we make Vitamin D?
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Sunlight (UVB) converts cholesterol into Vitamin D
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What are Proteins?
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Made from Amino Acids
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What is a Polypeptide Chain?
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String of Amino Acids
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What is light?
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Packets of Electromagnetic energy, called photons
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What is the relationship b/wn wavelength and energy level?
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Shorter wave length, more energy
Blue is more then Red |
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What is the overview of Photosynthesis?
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12 H20 + 6 CO2 --> light energy/enzymes --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H20
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What is a pigment molecule?
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molecule that can absorb light energy
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What is the most abundant plant pigment?
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Chlorophyll
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Which wavelengths of light does Chlorophyll absorb?
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Blue and Red light
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Which wavelengths of light does Chlorophyll reflect?
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Green light
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What are Accessory Pigments?
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Helps capture other wavelengths
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What are Carotenes?
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Accessory Pigments which reflect red and orange (carrots)
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What are Xanthophylls?
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Accessory Pigments which reflect yellow, brown, purple (corn)
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What are photosystems?
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Ring of pigment molecules surrounding a reaction center
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How does the Photosystem work?
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Life comes in, bounces around pigment molecules, lands in pigment center
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How do Pigment Molecules work?
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Exciting E- to a higher energy state
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An Excited e- can do one of three things:
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1. Drop back down to original shell, give off heat
2. Drop back down to original shell, give off florescent 3. Captured by another molecule |