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27 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Eukaryotic proofreading DNA polymerases
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Delta
Gamma Epsilon |
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This DNA polymerase also has 5'-3' exonuclease activity
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Epsilon
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This DNA polymerse has primase activity.
It synthesizes its own primer composed of RNA |
alpha
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These DNA polymerases are responsible for Leading/lagging strand synthesis and repair
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Alpha
Delta Epsilon |
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This polymerase is only involved in mitochondrial DNA replication
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gamma
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This polymerase is only involved in repair
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Beta
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All Eukaryotic DNA polymerases are found in the nucleas except:
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gamma
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_______ binds with helicase, which unwinds the dsDNA molecule
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Replicating factor A
It is a single-stranded binding protein |
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Primase activity of pol ___ starts up the synthesis of the leading strand
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alpha
Creates RNA primer and adds small amount of nucleotides to the strand |
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Replicating factor C
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen Pol epsilon |
Replace pol alpha in order to increase processivity
PCNA is a sliding clamp that binds pol epsilon to each interval. |
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Every okazaki fragment requires the switching between pol _ and _
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Pol alpha followed by delta
Pol delta involves RFC and PCNA |
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Composed of both RNA and protein
Has enzymatic (RTase) activity Can use RNA to produce DNA |
Telomerase
Prevents chromosomes from becoming shorter and shorter due to incomplete lagging strand synthesis |
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The RNA will base pair with the 3' end of DNA
What is this 3' end called? |
the 3' overhang
Telomerase will elongate the parental strand |
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Telomerase shifts by _____ nucleotides and is positioned to synthesize another repeat.
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six
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Three cells with high telomerase activity
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1. Stem cells
2. Germ line cells 3. Cancer cells |
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- Small body size
- Hair turning gray - Hair loss - Cataracts - Osteoporosis - Atherosclerosis - Reduced fertility - Predisposition to sarcomas - Type II diabetes Genome is unstable Reduced rate of cell division |
Adult progeria (Werner's syndrome: WS)
Free from Alzheimer's and high blood pressure Autosomal recessive genetic disorder |
Mutation in the WRN gene (chromosome 8)
- 3'-5' DNA helicase activity and 3'-5' exonuclease activity Functinoally interacts with pol delta. Functionally interacts with Ku, a protein involved in double stranded break repair. Damaged pol delta and helicase |
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1. DNA polymerase activity
2. No detectable exodeoxyribonuclease activity (does not proofread DNA - rapid mutations) 3. Ribonuclease activity (RNaseH) |
Properties of reverse transcriptase
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Proteases
Rtases Integrases Produced by.... |
mature retroviral particle
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1. Nucleotide analogs.
2. Inhibitors that bind to enzymes invovled in replication 3. Inhibitors that bind to or modify DNA |
Inhibitors of replication
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1. Conversion of nucleoside to a nucleotide
2. Incorporation into DNA 3. Termination of DNA synthesis |
Nucleotide analog mechanism.
ex: Azidothymidine (lacks 3' hydroxyl group) |
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1. Binds to and inhibits DNA gyrase
2. Positive supercoiling ahead of replicating fork is not removed 3. Termination of DNA synthesis |
Mechanism for inhibitors that bind to enzymes involved with replication
Ex: Ciprofloxin |
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The insertion of a molecule between adjacent base-pairs in a DNA molecule
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Intercalation
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1. Increases the spacing of the adjacent base-pairs at the site of intercalation
2. Distorts the sugar-phosphate backbone 3. Increases the pitch of the helix |
Mechanism of inhibitors that bind to or modify DNA
Ex: Ethidium bromide. |
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Alters B form of DNA
- More elongated with more kinks High concentrations: Totally inhibit replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Moderate concentrations: Generates a frameshift mutation DNA replication will attempt to insert a nucleotide close to the ethidium bromide molecule |
Ethiidium bromide
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Name the transcription factor:
Helicase activity. Kinase activity. - RNA pol II is phosphorylated by this factor in certain phases of transcription |
TFIIH
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Protein containing RNA molecule.
Catalyzes cleavage reaction |
RNase P
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Deamidation of adenine yields....
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hypoxanthine
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