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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In the solid phase, water forms ___ hydrogen bonds |
4 |
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What is the hydrophobic effect? |
Increased disorder of water when nonpolar molecules disclude it |
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Reactions occur spontaneously when deltaG is |
Negative |
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What are the 4 categories of functional groups |
Oily/hydrophobic, containing oxygen, containing nitrogen, containing sulfur and containing phosphorus |
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Amphipathic/amphiphillic |
Having one or more water soluble, polar groups attached to one or more insoluble, nonpolar groups |
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Carbohydrates are made from ______, nucleic acids from _______, lipids from _______ and proteins from ______ |
polysaccarides, nucleotides, glycerol + fatty acids, amino acids` |
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Micelle |
Molecule in equilibrium with the solution, caused my an amphipathic molecule |
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Isoelectric point |
the pH where net charge of |
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At what pH is bicarbonate a good buffer? Where is it a poor buffer? |
6.4, 7.4 |
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Disulfide bond |
a single covalent bond between the sulfur atoms to two amino acids called cysteine to make cystine |
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A left-shift of an oxygen dissociation curve means the hemoglobin is _____ saturated, this is caused by a ______ pH, ____ temp, ____ pCO2 in the : |
more, high, low, low, lungs |
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A right-shift of an oxygen dissociation curve means the hemoglobin is ________, this is caused by a _____ pH, ____ temp, ____ pCO2 in the: |
less saturated, low, high, high, muscles |
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What is the mechanism of phosphorylation? |
Transfer of phosphate from atp to hydroxyl amnio acids |
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What is the mechanism of glycosylation? |
Attachment of complex carbohydrates to Asn or Ser |
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What is the mechanism of proteolysis? |
Enzymatic cleavage of polypep chain at specific sites (rid of waste) |
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Ubiquitin and proteosomes are used for |
cell cleaning/death |
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Oxidoreductases |
transfer electrons in oxidation and reduction |
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Transferases |
catalyze transfer of C, P, N and groups of these |
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Hydrolases |
catalyze cleavage of bonds by adding water |
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Lysases |
bring molecules together |
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Isomerases |
makes isomers |
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Ligases |
forms bonds between C and O/S/N with a lot of energy |
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In lineweaver-burk plot, Y intercept is |
1/vmax |
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In lineweaver-burk plot, x intercept is |
-1/Km |
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Vmas is unchanged and Km is increased in which inhibition? |
Competitive |
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Km is decreased and Vmax is unchanged in which inhibition? |
Non competitive |
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Uncompetitive inihibition occurs when Km and Vmax are |
decreased |
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COX enzymes target |
NSAIDs |
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Microtubules polymerize at ___ end and depolymerize at ____ |
plus, plus |
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Actin polymerizes at ______ and depolymerizes at _____ |
plus end, minus end |
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Which end of microtubule is attached to chromosome? |
Minus |
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ELISA measures antibodies quanitity by |
Colour in wells of assay plate once serum/antibodies added |
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Immunoblotting is done by ____________, in which the negatively charged proteins enter the membrane by migrating towards the ______ |
gel electrophoresis, anode |
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Purines are: |
Adenine, Guanine |
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Pyrimidines are _____ than purines, in dna they are : |
smaller, cytosine and thymidine |
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Vertical bonds in DNA are ________ |
non covalent H Bonds |
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Transposons |
Lines and Sines, about half of the genome that is just repeated sequences of dna |
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Protein coding regions only make up about ___/___ of a genome |
1/10 |
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Transcription |
DNA to RNA |
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Exons code for ______, Introns are______ |
proteins, normally spliced out |
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How does DNA polymerase work? |
By adding a 5' triphosphate group to 3' hydroxyl on the template strand, moves 5'-3' |
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Polymerase III can , so polymerase I |
find where bases are put in incorrectly, take it out and replace it |
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What are the 3 types of pt mutations? |
Silent, Missense, Nonsense |
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Silent mutation |
Amino acid is not changed by base sequence (ex. if A turns to U) |
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Missense mutation |
A base is changed to another base that codes for a differentAA (if A turns to C) |
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Nonsense mutation |
Codes for stop codon UGA, UAG, UAA |
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Frameshift mutation |
Addition/deletion of a nucleotide that changes the reading frame |
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When a lot of CAGs are found in a gene, what disease is this? |
Huntingtons |
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What are the ribosomal subunits of prokaryotes? |
30s and 50s |
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What are the ribosomal subunits of eukaryotes? |
60s and 40s |
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How do drugs stop translation in bacteria but not in the organism? |
By binding to the small and large ribosomal subunits |
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How do RNA polymerasse and DNA polymerase differ? |
RNAP does not need a primer and has no proofreading ability, the 3 types of RNAP all are used in transcription of rRNA (RNAP1), mRNA (RNAP2) and tRNA (RNAP3) |
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Prokaryotic RNA has no _____ |
introns |
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What is the promotor regions in prokaryotes? |
TTGAGA and Pribnow box: TATAAT |
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What is the promotor region in eukaryotes? |
CAAT box then Hogness (TATA) box |
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Which polymerase synthesizes mRNA |
RNAP II |
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What are trans acting factors? |
Proteins that bind to cis acting sequences to control gene expression |
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How do transcription factors activate regulated transcription |
Signal protein begins signal cascade which phosphoylates proteins, these proteins are now activated. The final protein then enters nucleus to phosphorylate the transcription factor which then binds to enhancer on DNA to form transcription complex |
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from 3' to 5', what does a mRNA strand look like |
3'- poly A tail- stop codon- lots of codons- AUG codon- cap- 5' |
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Which type of chromatin is actively transcribed (ON) |
Euchromatin |
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Which type of chromatin is OFF and condensed |
Heterochromatin |
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What is the epigenome? |
DNA wrapped around histones |
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If a protein has an N-terminus but also transmembrane domains, where is it headed? |
Mitochondria if amphipathic, ER if hydrophobic |
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If a protein has a C-Terminus, where is it to be imported? retained? |
Peroxisomes, ER |
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What are the 5 themes of signal transduction? |
- Ligands bind to receptors - Formation of 2ndary messengers - GTP hydrolysis to activate G proteins - Assembly of complexes by modular protein domains |
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Insulin receptor is an example of what kind of membrane receptor |
enzyme coupled receptor |
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When a cell is bound to GTP it is ______, but when bound to hydrolyzed GDP it is _______ |
ON, OFF |
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Ras protein is an example of a ___________, containing only the _____ |
Monomeric G protein, alpha subunit |
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Adenyly cyclase is activated by ___ to produce |
alpha subunit, cAMP |
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Protein kinase A is regulated by ____ |
cAMP |
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HOW DOES THE mapk END |
RAS gtp gets inactivated by GAP to hydrolyze gtp to gdp |
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Tumor Suppressor Gene effects the cell cycle by |
Lacking Go at G1 checkpoint, so cells can divide with problems |
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Oncogenes are permanently ____, while tumor suppressor genes are permanently ____ |
On, Off |
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Oglionucleotides |
DNA strands that complement target DNA and therefore bind to it |
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How does the PCR work |
DNA is denatured by heat then cooled so primers attach to each strand, they elongate from 5'-3' using a heat resistant enzyme product is 4 new strands (2 dnas) |
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Southern blotting, microarrays |
Genome |
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To analyze the transcriptome (mRNA) we can use |
microarrays, northern blots, PCR |