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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Describe the metabolic process of Glycolysis |
Uses glucose and other hexoses to produce ATP, pyruvate and NADH |
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Describe the metabolic process of Gluconegenesis |
Use ATP to maintain glucose metabolism and produce pyruvate |
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Describe the metabolic process of the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) |
Continues metabolism of glucose →Pyruvate→Acetyl Co A to produce precursors for Biosynthesis, ATP, and NADH for the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) |
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Describe the metabolic process of Electron Transport Chain (ETC) |
Creation of protons gradient using NADH+ from Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) |
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Describe the metabolic process of Oxidative Phosphorylation |
Production of ATP using Protein Motive Force* |
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Describe the metabolic process of Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) |
Uses glycolytic intermediates to produce NADPH, pentose phosphates (R5P), and biosynthetic precursors. |
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Describe the metabolic fate of Glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) |
1) Combines with UTP to make UDP-glucose
2) Produced by glycogen phosphorylase
3) Isomerized by Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) to G6P |
G1P + UTP → UDP-glucose G1P → G6P |
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Describe the metabolic fate Erythrose-4-phosphate |
1) E4P + X5P ⇌ F6P + GAP
2) S7P + GAP ⇌ E4P + F6P
3) Steroids and Lipid biosynthesis* |
Embarrassed Xenophobic Fairies Grinned SEVEN Giants Ate Fish |
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Describe the metabolic fate Oxaloacetate |
1) CAC: Condensed with Acetyl Co A to make Citrate by Citrate synthase (CS)
2) Malate ⇌ OAA by malate dehydrogenase (MDH) NAD+ Used NADH+ Made
3) OAA + glutamate ⇌ αKG + aspartate
4) NEO: Produced from Pyruvate by Pyruvate Carboxylase (PC) ATP Used ADP + Pi Made |
Enter, for the Money, Officer Qutamate Keeps aspartate New on the PC with energy |
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Describe the metabolic fate Acetyl Co A |
1) Prep Step: Pryuvate →Acetyl Co A 2) Enters CAC by condensation* with OAA 3) Produced by Fatty Acid metabolism |
CAC |
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Describe the metabolic fate Pryuvate |
1) Ends Glycolysis; Begins Gluconeogenesis (Transported to the Mitochondria) 2) Made from PEP by Pryuvate Kinase (PK) 3) Decarboxylated to Acetyl Co A 4) Under Aerobic Conditions: 3 CO2→ 3 H2O
Under Anaerobic Conditions: Pyruvate → Lactate Pyruvate → Ethanol |
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Write out Isomerization Mechansims of the CAC |
Aconitase Citrate ⇌ Isocitrate (H20 Made) |
Can I Have Water? |
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Write out all the reactions of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) where two isomers are interconverted |
Ribulose 5 P ⇌ Ribose 5 P
Ribulose 5 P ⇌ Xylulose 5 P
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Two Ribulose rxn |
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Write out all the reactions for the CAC |
Can - Citrate I - Isocitrate Keep - αKG Selling - Succinyl Co A Sex - Succinate For - Fumarate Money - Malate Officer - OAA |
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Write out all the reactions of the CAC that produce reducing power for the use in cellular respiration |
isocitrate ⇌ αKG (NAD→ NADH + H+)
αKG ⇌ succinyl Co A
(NAD → NADH + H+)
succinate⇌fumarate (FAD → FADH2)
malate ⇌ OAA (NAD → NADH + H+)
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2,3,5&7 are Nice and Fun |
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Which reactions produce reducing power in CAC |
2, 3, 5 & 7 reactions
(2) I isocitrate ⇌ αKG (NAD→ NADH + H+)
(3) Keep αKG ⇌ succinyl Co A (NAD → NADH + H+)
(5)Sex succinate⇌fumarate (FAD → FADH2) (Fun)
(7) Money malate ⇌ OAA (NAD → NADH + H+)
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I Keep Sex (Fun) and Money (Nice) |
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Give the OVERALL reaction for the CAC |
Acetyl Co A + 3NAD+ + FAD + ADP + Pi + H20→ 2CO2 + 3NADH + FADH2 + 2H + ATP + CoA |
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Write the OVERALL reaction for the metabolism of glucose to produce 30 ATP |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 30 ATP |
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Give the schematic representation of glycolysis and the PPP, including enzymes and intermediates |
Glycolysis + PPP |
Drawing with transketolase and transaldolase |
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Give each of the four modes of the PPP. Give an example of the conditions that cause each of the of the modes to operate. |
Mode 1: F6P ↔ R5P Need GAP NonOx: ON Ox: OFF Mode 2: G6P →R5P Need NADPH NonOx: Variable Ox: ON Mode 3: F6P ←R5P → GAP Need NADPH (NEO) Running in direction of Glycolysis NonOx: ON Ox: ON Mode 4: F6P ← R5P → GAP Need NADPH & ATP Feeding to Pyruvate, CAC, ETC,OX Phos → HTP NonOx: ON Ox: ON |
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Describe purpose of Oxidative Phase in PPP |
Reactions are irreversible, glucose is oxidized and turned to pentose. Creating reducing power (NADPH) and releasing CO2 |
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Describe purpose of Non Oxidative Phase in PPP |
Allows for productive of R5P without NADPH |
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What are the 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration |
1) Glycolysis (Anaerobic) 2) Citric Acid Cycle (Aerobic) 3) Electron Transport Chain (Aerobic) |
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Give the schematic representation of cellular respiration, including the starting materials, products, cellular location, the ETC complexes and the ATP synthase. |
CAC: Releases NADPH to Complex I and FADH2 to Complex II |
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Draw and label the ATP synthase subunits |
ɣ the "key" that links the C ring to the α and β, also links H+ flow to action of the catalysis A Subunit channels H+ from outside to inside thru C-ring deprotonation C Ring contains aspartic midway down helix which protonates to outside membrane and deprotonates to interior membrane, moving c-ring around and ɣ gets moved α is a structural support on ɣ and β β is location of active site ADP → ATP |
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Write out all the reactions of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate shunt |
G6P→6Pgluconolactone by G6PDH using NADP+ 6Pgluconolactone ⇌ 6Pgluconate by lactonase using H2O 6Pgluconate→ Ribulose5P by 6PGDH using NADP+ releasing CO2 Ribulose5P → R5P Isomerization Ribulose5P → X5P Epimerization |
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Write out all the reactions of the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate shunt |
Ribulose5P → R5P Isomerization Ribulose5P → X5P Epimerization R5P + X5P→ S7P+ GAP by transketolase (TK) S7P+ GAP→ E4P + F6P by Transaldolase X5P + E4P→ GAP + F6P by transketolase |
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Write out all the reactions of CAC that produce ATP |
Succinyl Co A ⇌ Succinate + Co A ADP + Pi Used ATP Released |
Selling Sex = Energy |
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Write out all the reactions of the glycoxylate cycle |
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Similiar to CAC with addition of glycoxylate and extra Acetyl Co A (Keep Selling is skipped) |
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Describe the function of the glycoxylate cycle |
Allows conversion of Acetyl Co A to Glucose |
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Give the reactions of the glycogen breakdown and their regulation in:
a) the liver b) muscle |
Insulin turns on B form of Glycogen Phosphorylase
Epinephrine signals thru Beta- adrenergic (muscle & liver)
Glucagon signals high phosphorylase (mostly liver)
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Give the prep step for the CAC, including enzymes, reactions, and regulation of the step. |
Overall rxn: (Mito) Pyruvate + Co A + NAD →Acetyl Co A +CO2 +NADH + H by PDHC 1)Pyruvate→hydroxylethylTPP + CO2 TPP and (2) H Used Decarboxylation by E1= PDH (2) hydroxylethylTPP → acetyl-lipoamide Lipoamide Used TPP Released Oxidation by E1= PDH 3) acetyl-lipoamide + CoA-SH →Acetyl Co A + dihydrolipoamide Transacylation by E2= dihydrolipoyltansacetylase 4a) dihydrolipoamide → lipoamide FAD used FADH2 released E3 4b) FADH2→ FAD NAD used NADH + H released E3= dihydrolipoyl DH |
In Mitochondria |
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Give the reaction in CAC that produces FADH2 |
succinate ↔ fumarate FAD used FADH2 released |
Sex = Filthy |
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Write out the regulated reactions of the CAC, including enzymes |
1) isocitrate ⇌ αKG ISDH regulated ADP ↑ ATP ↓ NADH ↓ αKG⇌ succinyl Co A αKGDH complex regulated ATP↓ NADH ↓ Succinyl Co A ↓ 2) OAA + Acetyl Co A ⇌ Citrate Allosteric regulation by OAA bind |
I Keep ISDH with low energy and reducing power Keep Sex αKGDH everything low Officer Can Start Over BIND |
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Give the reaction(s) of transketolase |
E4P + X5P ⇌ GAP+F6P S7P+ GAP ⇌ X5P+ R5P |
EX GAP FISH SEVEN GAP EX R5 |
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Give the reaction(s) of transaldolase |
E4P + F6P ⇌ S7P + GAP |
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Give the reactions of glycogen synthesis and describe their regulation in a) liver b) muscle |
Glycogen breakdown is activated by ℗ of phosphorylase Glycogen synthesis is inhibited by ℗ of glycogen synthase Step 1) G6P ⇌ G1P by PGM Regulated by epinephrine Step 2) G1P ⇌ UDP- glucose + PPi by UGPP UTP added Breakdown: Glycogen → (Glycogen) n+1 Glucose added Glycogen → (Glycogen) n-1 Glucose released Regulation: Glycogen Synthase A NOT phosphorylated Active Form (-) glucagon (+) insulin Mostly in Liver Glycogen Synthase B INactive (+) Epinephrine Mostly in Muscle |
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Describe the difference in glycogen synthase a and glycogen synthase b |
glycogen synthase a: NOT phosphorylated Active (-) glucagon (+) insulin Mostly in Liver glycogen synthase b: INactive (+) Epinephrine Mostly in Muscle |
A is ACTIVE L(iver) is before M(uscle) The INActive needs energy |
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Describe the metabolic dispostiton of the CAC in each of the following conditions: a) At Rest (Inactivity) b) During Exercise c) Following a meal d) During starvation |
A) ATP ↑ CAC [ON] B) ADP↓ CAC [ON] C) FED = High Blood Sugar ATP↓ CAC [ON] D) STARVED = Low Blood Sugar ATP↑ CAC [OFF] |
Middle low energy STARVE OFF |
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Describe the metabolic dispostiton of the glycogen metabolism in each of the following conditions: a) At Rest (Inactivity) b) During Exercise c) Following a meal d) During starvation |
A) Epinephrine NOT a factor Insulin↑ ( B form) Glucagon↑ ( A form) Liver: (-) glucagon regulation B) BOTH: Epinephrine & glycogen signals breakdown Glycogen synthase↓ Muscle: Phosphorylase B ( T→ R State)
Glycolysis [ON] Glycogen Synthesis [ON] Glycogen Breakdown [OFF] ATP ↓ Insulin ↑ = Phosphorylase (B)↓
GlucoNEOgenesis [ON] (Liver) Glucagon ↑ = Glycogen Breakdown ↑ Liver Response: Glucagon (Starvation) Insulin (Fed) Muscle Response: Epinephrine (exercise vs rest) |
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