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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How does DNA chips/DNA microarray work?
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small chip is dotted with single stranded DNA pieces--each chip represents a different gene. single stranded DNA from the pt is incubated with the chip and a computer analyzes the hybridization.
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What can be used to determine the allele of a drug-metabolizing enzyme causing the pt to have an adverse reaction to a drug?
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DNA chips/DNA microarray
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____________ can be used to determine gene expression.
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DNA chip or microarray
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With DNA chip or microarray to determine gene expression, the presence of a tag and its intensity is a _______________ and ______________ analysis of gene expression. This is called ______________.
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-qualitative
-quantitative -serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) |
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To avoid the risk of contamination and minimize sampling errors with SAGE, _____________ is used.
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laser microdissection of pathological samples
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SAGE is used in the identification and study of...(5)
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1. lymphomas (lymphochip array)
2. melanomas 3. breast cancer 4. viral diseases 5. cardiovascular diseases |
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Recombinant DNA techniques can be used to create __________________ using yeast instead of bacteria, eliminating risk of infection.
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glycosylated antigenic proteins
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Human growth hormone and human insulin are produced by recombinant DNA using the bacteria ________.
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e.coli
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To produce insulin, you need to transform E. coli with one or two plasmids?
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two: one for the Insulin A chain and one for the Insulin B chain. You will later combine the chains to create active insulin
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Factor VIII does what?
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blood clotting. it is transfused to hemophiliac patients. can be produced by DNA recombinant techniques
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What does TPA do?
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tissue plasminogen activator is a protease that converts plasminogen to plasmin....plasmin cleaves fibrin to prevent the formation of clots. Treats strokes and heart attacks. can be created with DNA recombinant techniques
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What does erythropoietin do?
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hematopoetic growth factor that stimulates production of RBC. can be created with DNA recombinant techniques
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hematopoetic growth factors produced by recombinant DNA: _______ and _________ are used in bone marrow transplants and after chemotherapy to stimulate WBC production and decrease the risk of infection.
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Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins (ILs)
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Recombinant ____________ (drug) decreases the frequency and severity of episodes in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Beta-interferon
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What are two transgenic animals used to produce human proteins?
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goat and sheep
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Human proteins are produced by the _____________ of the transgenic animal.
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mammary gland
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Describe how transgenic animals can be used to make proteins.
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A gene of interest, which is only active under lactating conditions, is inserted into the nucleus of a fertilized egg. The egg is inserted into the foster mother. Progeny is tested for the transgene. The animals who test positive produce milk that is collected...from which the protein of interest is isolated.
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Reducing gene expression can be done via what 2 ways?
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1. degrade mRNA of gene of interest
2. block translation of mRNA of gene of interest |
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Describe the default eukaryotic system for gene silencing.
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microRNAs (miRNA) is processed as a small double stranded RNA molecule that separates into single strands--these single strands can hybridize with the gene of interest and do one of two things:
1. degrade if pairing is exact 2. inhibit translation when pairing isn't exact |
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If pairing isn't exact, miRNA will ______________.
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inhibit translation of mRNA
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If pairing is exact, miRNA will ______________.
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induce degradation of mRNA
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Chemically synhtesized miRNA is called...
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siRNA (small interfering RNA)
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Genetic screening can be done on...
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1. prospective parents
2. fetus (with the possibility of medical treatment in utero) |
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When normal genes are introduced into individuals with defective genes, are the defective genes replaced?
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no, impossible to replace the genes of each and every cell
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In gene therapy, ________ are used as vectors to introduce genes into human cells.
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retroviruses
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What are the limitations of gene therapy?
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1. only small genes (8 kb) can be used
2. Intercalation of the vector into host DNA may disrupt other genes |
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Human ______________ can also be used as vectors for gene therapy...one advantage of this is that you can introduce large genes (~36 kb).
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adenoviruses
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Gene therapy: which vector can only introduce small genes?
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-retroviruses
-adenoviruses can introduce much larger genes |
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What are the advantages of using human adenoviruses as vectors?
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-genes are large (36 kb)
-infection does not require division of host cell |
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What are disadvantages of using human adenoviruses as vectors?
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-Integration of therapeutic genes is not stable in host genome, so expression is only transient and treatment must be repeated periodically
-Complications caused by host immune response to adenovirus |
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In TRANSGENIC ANIMALS, does the introduction of normal genes into somatic genes with defective genes correct defects in the offspring of treated individuals?
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NO
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The study/comparison of proteins expressed by normal cells and proteins expressed by a cell under study (tumor cell, cell in a different stage of development) is called...
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proteomics
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Proteomics: using _________________ with computer analysis, the upregulation or downregulation of a protein can be determined and specific drug regiments can be formulated as a result.
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-gel electrophoresis
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