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303 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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You are classifying an organism and trying to determine to which domain it belongs. The relatively small organism absorbs its food, is unicellular and was collected from a person suffering from an infection. This organism probably belongs in the domain:
a. Eukarya b. Archaea c. Bacteria d. not enough information given |
c. Bacteria
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Suppose you are testing the effects of a new artificial sweetner. Four groups of mice consume different amounts of artificial sweetener in their food. The control group is the one that receives:
a. 10 mg/ml of artificial sweetner b. milk instead of water c. extra food d. no artificial sweetner e. extra exercise f. no food |
d. no artificial sweetner
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Living organisms are different from inanimate objects because they:
a. respond to environmental stimuli. b. possess molecules of DNA. c. exhibit multiple levels of organization. d. maintain homeostasis. e. all of these |
e. all of these
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Which of the following types of organisms are not composed of eukaryotic cells?
Choose one answer. a. plants b. animals c. protists d. fungi e. bacteria |
e. bacteria
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Isolation of a single variable in an experiment is important in order to:
a. prevent researcher bias b. assess the validity of the results c. prevent subject bias d. prevent the placebo effect e. all of these |
b. assess the validity of the results
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The people in our class room compose a(n):
a. community b. population c. ecosystem d. organism |
b. population
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About twelve to twenty-four hours after the previous meal, a person's blood-sugar level normally varies from 60 to 90 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood, though it may rise to 130 mg/100 ml after meals high in carbohydrates. That the blood-sugar level is maintained within a fairly narrow range despite uneven intake of sugar is due to the body's ability to carry out:
a. homeostasis b. adaptation c. evolution d. inheritance e. all of these |
a. homeostasis
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Archaea are diffferent from the domain bacteria in that they are _________, referring to the odd places that they reside.
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extremophiles
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The _______ ______ is a set of principles that govern how science should theoretically be done.
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scientific method
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Science is:
a) a field of study that requires certain "laws of nature" to be taken on faith. b) both a body of knowledge and an intellectual activity encompassing observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena. c) a process that can be applied only within the scientific disciplines, such as biology, chemistry, and physics d) the only way to understand the natural world e) None of the above |
b) both a body of knowledge and an intellectual activity encompassing observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of naural phenomena
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All of the following are elements of biological literacy except:
a) ability to use process of scientific inquiry to think creatively about real-world issues having a biological component b) reading most important books in biology c) ability to integrate into your decision making a consideration of issues having a biological component d) ability to communicate with others about issues having a biological component e) All of the above are elements of biological literacy |
b) reading the most important books in biology
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Superstitions are:
a) held by many humans, but not by any non-human species b) just one of many possible forms of scientific thinking c) true beliefs that have yet to be fully understood d) irrational beliefs that actions not logically related to a course of events influence its outcome e) proof that the scientific method is not perfect |
d) irrational beliefs that actions not logicall related to a course of events influence its outcome
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In a study, patients treated w/a genetically engineered heart drug were able to walk on a treadmill 26 seconds longer than those not receiving the drug, and the showed no side effects from taking the drug. Can we conclude that this drug is an effective treatment for heart disease?
a) No. Genetically engineered drugs cannot be tested by the scientific method; they require comparative observations b) No. It is not clear how many subjects were in the study. c) No. It is not clear that the drug isn ot a placebo. d) Yes. e) No. It is not clear that the proper controls were included. |
e) No. It is not clear that the proper controls were included.
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Empirical Results:
a) rely on intuition b) are generated by theories c) are based on observation d) cannot be replicated e) must support a tested hypothesis |
c) are based on observation
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In a well-designed experiment:
a) prediction will be highly probable if the experiment shows the explanation is correct b) prediction will be highly improbable if the experiment shows the explanation is incorrect c) the null hypothesis will not be tested d) the prediction will most likely be correct e) Both A and B are correct |
e) Both A and B are correct.
The prediction will be highly probable if the experiment shows the explanation is correct & the prediction will be highly improbable if the experiment shows the explanation is incorrect |
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Which of the following statements is correct?
a) A hypothesis that does not generate a testable prediction is not useful b) Common sense is usually a good substitute for the scientific method when trying to understand the world c) The scientific method can be used only to understand scientific phenomena. d) It is not necessary to make observations as part of the scientific method e) All of the above are correct |
a) A hypothesis that does not generate a testable prediction is not useful
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The placebo effect:
a) is the frequently observed, poorly understood phenomenon that people tend to respond favorably to any treatment b) reveals that sugar pills are generally as effective as actual medications in fighting illness c) reveals that experimental treatments cannot be proven effective d) demonstrates that most scientific studies cannot be replicated e) is an urban legend |
a) is the frequently observed, poorly understood phenomenon that people tend to respond favorably to any treatment
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Which of the following correctly describes a double-blind test?
a) researchers apply 2-layered blindfolds to the study participants so they cannot see whether they are receiving the drug or a placebo. b) Neither the researchers nor the study participants know who is receiving the drug and who is receiving the placebo c) The researchers know who is receiving the drug and who is receiving the placebo, but do not know what the supposed effects of the drug should be. d) Researchers do not know who receives drug or placebo, but participants know and tel them later e) none of the above |
b) Neither the researchers nor the study participants know who is receiving the drug and who is receiving the placebo.
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In controlled experiments:
a) one variable is manipulated whie others are held constant. b) all variables are dependent on each other c) all variables are held constant d) all variables are independent of each other e) All critical varables are manipulated |
a) one variable is manipulated while others are held constant
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If a researcher collects data by using the same experimental setup as in another study, but using different research subjects, the process is considered:
a) an uncontrolled experiment b) intuitive reasoning c) extrapolation d) replication e) exploration |
d) replication
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You hear the males of a particular bird species calling in their natural environment and question why they call. You design an experiment to try to answer your question. You cage one male bird and record his calling rate in response to four treatments, varying the # of conspecific (of the same species) males and the # of conspecific females that the male subject can see. The treatments are: no conspecific birds; 10 conspecific males; 10 conspecific females; 5 conspecific males and 5 conspecific females. Your results are: the rate at which the male subject calls is the same across all four treatments. Which of the following is a null hypothesis that yur experimental design could reject?
a) Males of species do not call b) Males of species call more often than do females c) males of species call @ a rate that is independent of the sex composition of the audience d) Males of species call less often than do females e) Males of species call when called to. |
c) males of species call @ a rate that is independent of the sex composition of audience
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Statistical methods make it possible to:
a) prove any hypothesis is true b) determine how likely it is that certainr esults have occurred by chance c) unambiguously learn the truth d) reject any hypothesis e) test non-falsifiable hypotheses |
b) determine how likely it is that certain results ahve occurred by chance
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Anecdotal evidence:
a) is a more efficient method for understanding the world than the scientific method b) tends to be more reliable than data based on observations of large #s of diverse individuals c) is a necessary part of scientific method d) is often the only way to prove important causal links between 2 phenomena e) can seem to reveal links between 2 phenomena, but the links do not actually exist |
e) can seem to reveal links between 2 phenomena, but the links do not actually exist
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A relationship between phenomena that has been established based on large amounts of observational experimental data is referred to as:
a) a theory b) a fact c) an assumption d) a conjecture e) a hypothesis |
a) a theory
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Which of the following issues would be least helped by application of the scientific method?
a) developing more effective high school curricula b) evaluating the relationship between violence in videogames and criminal behavior in teens c) determining the most effective safety products for automobiles d) formulating public policy on euthanasia e) comparing the effectiveness of 2 potential antibiotics |
d) formulating public policy on euthanasia
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What is the meaning of the statement "correlation does not imply causation"?
a) Just because 2 variables vary in a similar pattern does not mean that changing one variable causes a change in the other b) Its not possible to demonstrate a correlation between 2 variables c) When a change in 1 variable causes a change in another variable, the 2 variables are not necessarily related to each other in any way d) Its not possible to prove the cause of any naturally occurring phenomenon e) Just because 2 variables vary in a similar pattern does not mean that they have any relationship to each other. |
a) Just because 2 variables vary in a similar pattern does not mean that changing one variable causes a change in the other
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A pharmaceutical company plans to test a potential anti-cancer drug on human subjects. The drug will be administered in pill form. How should this stdy be designed so that appropriate controls are in place?
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To provide proper controls, a group of participants must receive a placebo that sperficially resembles the medication. The control group should be treated exactly the same as the experimental group, with one exception: the control group receives a placebo instead of the drug. This provides a basis of comparison between the experimental and control groups
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Lately there have been many claims concerning the health benefits of green tea. Suppose you read a claim that alleges drinking green tea causes weight loss. You are provided w/the following info about the studies that led to this claim.
-People were weighed @ the beginning of the study -People were asked to drink 2 cups of green tea everyday for 6 weeks. -Peole were weighed at the end of the study -People who drank green tea for 6 weeks lost some weight by the end of the study - It was concluded that green tea is helpful for weight loss This study obviously had some holes in its design. Assuming no info other than that provided above, indicate at elast four things that could be done to improve the experimental design. |
4 Possibilities:
-adding a control group -extending the test for a longer period of time -standardizing the subjects to make sure that other variables are not responsible for weight loss. -repeating the study |
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Use of the word "theory" can imply different things to different people. Statements referring to evolution as "just a theory" imply that a scientific theory is much like a hunch, something that can easily be disproved. How is a scientific theory different from any other type of "theory"? What requirements must be met before a hypothesis is considered to be a scientific theory?
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Common use of the term "theory" often implies that it is simply a hunch about something. In a scientific context, "theory" is applied only when a hypothesis has received significant support from multiple sources over time
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Biology
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Study of living things/life
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List of Characteristics of Living Things
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1. Ability to Reproduce
2. Adaptability= evolve (change) 3. Composed or made of cells 4. Ability or source of nutrients 5. Contain Genetic material (DNA) 6. Ability to respond to stimuli (movement) 7. Ability to grow or develop 8. Ability to maintain homeostasis |
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Homeostasis
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Keeping internal conditions stable despite external fluctuations/changes
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Human Examples of Conditions maintained by Homeostasis
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- Body temperature (sweating/shivering)
- Blood pressure/heart rate - pH, 02 (oxygen level), blood sugar (glucose) via [insulin] |
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How do organisms maintain homeostasis?
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Using chemical messengers, i.e. hormones
ex: insulin regulates glucose |
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What happens if homeostasis is not maintanied?
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1. Diseases
2. Death |
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Living Organisms are classified into 3 major groups called-
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Domains
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3 Major Groups of Living Organisms
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1. Eukarya
2. Bacteria 3. Archaea |
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The 3 major Groups of Living organisms are based off of:
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1. Number of cells
2. Cellular Structure 3. How food is obtained |
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Unicellular
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organism with 1 cell
microscopic |
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multicellular
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more than 1 cell
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prokaryotic
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meaning: Before nucleus
- lacks nucleus - Have DNA, but not enclosed by nucleus |
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Eukaryotic
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meaning true nucleus
- Has nucleus to house/enclose genetic material |
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Who absorbs food?
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Bacteria, to be specific fungi
- utilize external nutrients |
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Who makes food?
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plants via photosynthesis
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Who ingests food?
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animals
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Characteristics of Bacteria Domain
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-relatively small
- unicellular - prokaryotic - absorb food |
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Characteristics of Arachaea Domain
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- relatively small
- unicellular - prokaryotic - absorbs food |
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Characteristics of Eukarya Domain
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- Relatively large
- Varying # of cells - eukaryotic - varying methods of obtaining food |
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Functions of Bacteria
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- Disease
- Normal Flora= resident bacteria on/in body (fights infection) *probiotics= good bacteria that you can add to your body (Normal Flora) |
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Examples of Bacteria
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salmonella, staph, E. coli, strep
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Archaea
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-Mistook as bacteria
- Difference between the 2 is that archaea have unique cell structures and molecules not seen in bacteria, & archaea not known to cause infectious diseases. labeled: extremophiles |
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Eukarya Includes...
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Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi
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Plants
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-multicellular
-eukaryotic -food made through photosynthesis -ex: grass, trees, flowering plants |
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Animals
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-multicellular
-eukaryotic -food ingested - ex: humans, fish, birds, reptiles |
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Protists
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-usually unicellular
-eukaryotic -food usually absorbed -ex: algae, protozoa, slime molds |
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Fungi
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-Some are unicellular and some multicellular
-Eukaryotic -Food absorbed -ex: yeasts (uni), mushrooms and molds (multi) |
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Where do viruses fit into this classification scheme?
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They do not fit
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Similarities amongst Organisms despite diversity
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-All made of cells
-All cells have similar molecules -All perform similar chemical reactions -Contain genetic material (DNA) |
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How can similarities between organisms as well as diversity be explained?
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- Diversity: Theory of Evolution "natural selection"
- Similarities: Common Ancestor |
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Biological Organization
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Atoms -> Molecules -> Organelles -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organism -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem
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Population
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All members of same species in a given area/region
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Community
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Members of all species in a given area/region (potential for interaction)
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Ecosystem
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Community & Interaction w/non-living (Weather, geography, pollution)
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Scientific Method
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set of principles that govern how science should theoretically be done
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The atomic # of carbon is 6. Its nucleus must contain:
a) 6 neutrons b) 3 protons and 3 neutrons c) 6 neutrons and no electrons d) 6 protons and no electrons e) 6 protons and 6 electrons |
d) 6 protons and no electrons
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The 2nd orbital shell of an atom can hold ____ electrons.
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 6 e) 8 |
e) 8
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A covalent bond is formed when:
a) two non-polar molecules associated with each other in a polar environment. b) a positively charged particle is attracted to a negatively charged particle. c) one atom gives up electrons to another atom. d) 2 atoms share electrons e) 2 polar molecules associate with each other in a non-polar environment |
d) two atoms share electrons
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When you put a piece of chocolate on your tongue, your brain registers a sensation of sweetness. What aspect of molecules is responsible for their having a particular taste?
a) total # of protons in the molecule b) # of hydrogen bonds in molecule c) total # of electron shells in atoms of molecule d) ratio of covalent bonds to ionic bonds joining the atoms of the molecule e) the molecule's shape |
e) the molecule's shape
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Which of the following phenomena is most likely due to the high cohesiveness of water?
a) Lakes and rivers freeze from the top down, not the bottom up. b) The "Jesus lizard" can run across the surface of liquid water for short distances c) Adding salt to snow makes it melt d) The temperature of Santa Monica Bay, off the coast of Los Angeles, fluctuates less than the air temperature throughout the year. e) All of the above are due to the cohesiveness of water |
b) The "Jesus lizard" can run across the surface of liquid water for short distances
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Water can absorb and store a large amount of heat while increasing only a few degrees in temperature. why?
a) the heat must first be used to break the hydrogen bonds rather than raise the temperature. b) The heat must first be used to break the ionic bonds rather than raise the temperature. c) The heat must first be used to break the covalent bonds rather than raise the temperature. d) An increase in temperature causes an increase in adhesion of the water e) An increase in temperature causes an increase in cohesion of the water |
a) The heat must first be used to break the hydrogen bonds rather than raise the temperature
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A chemical compound that releases H+ into a solution is called:
a) a proton b) a base c) an acid d) a hydroxide ion e) a hydrogen ion |
c) an acid
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Which of the following foods is not a significant source of complex carbohydrates?
a) fresh fruit b) rice c) pasta d) oatmeal e) All of the above are significant sources of complex carbohydrates |
a) fresh fruit
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Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (the sugar found in milk) are examples of:
a) naturally occurring enzymes b) simple sugars c) monosaccharides d) disaccharides e) polyunsaccharide sugars |
d) disaccharides
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Which of the following statements about starch is incorrect?
a) Starch is the primary form of energy storage in plants. b) Starch consists of a hundred or more glucose molecules joined together in a line. c) Starch tastes sweet because it is made from glucose. d) Starch is a polysaccharide e) All of the above statements about starch are correct |
c) Starch tastes sweet because it is made from glucose
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Which of the following statements about fiber is incorrect?
a) dietary fiber reduces the risk of colon cancer b) Fiber in the diet slows the passage of food through the intestines c) Humans are unable to extract any caloric value from fiber d) The cellulose of celery stalks and lettuce leaves is fiber e) Fiber passing through the digestive system scrapes the wall of the digestive tract, stimulating mucus secretion and aiding in the digestion of other molecules |
b) Fiber in the diet slows the passage of food through the intestines
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In an unusually detailed dissection of your diner, you isolate an unknown fatty acid. it is a liquid at room temperature (that is, has a low melting point) and contains carbon-carbon double bonds. What are you most likely to be eating?
a) a plant b) a cow c) a pig d) a chicken e) a lamb |
a) a plant
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An unsaturated fatty acid is one in which:
a) carbon-carbon double bonds are present in the hydrocarbon chain. b) the hydrocarbon chain has an odd # of carbons c) the hydrocarbon chain has an even # of carbons d) no carbon-carbon double bonds are present in the hydrocarbon chain e) not all of the carbons in the hydrocarbon chain are bonded to hydrogen atoms |
a) carbon-carbon double bonds are present in the hydrocarbon chain
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Which statement about phospholipids is incorrect?
a) Because their phosphate groups repel each other, they are used as organisms' chief form of short-term energy. b) They are hydrophobic at one end c) They are hydrophilic at one end d) They are a major constituent of cell membranes e) They contain glycerol linked to fatty acids |
a) Because their phosphate groups repel each other, they are used as organisms' chief form of short-term energy
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Proteins are an essential component of a healthy diet for humans (and other animals). Their most common purpose is to serve as:
a) raw material for growth b) fuel for running the body c) organic precursors for enzyme construction d) long-term energy storage e) inorganic precursors for enzyme construction |
a) raw material for growth
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Dietary proteins:
a) are considered "complete" only if they contain the 8 essential amino acids required by humans b) consist of all 20 amino acids required in the human body c) are considered "complete" only if they contain the 12 non-essential amino acids required by humans d) are nutritionally identical, since all are broken down into their constituent amino acids in the digestive system e) can be obtained from animal sources but not plant sources |
a) are considered "complete" only if they contain the 8 essential amino acids required by humans
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The primary structure of proteins is often described as amino acids connected like beads on a string. In this same vein, which of the following images best describes a protein's quaternary structure?
a) threads in a cloth b) needles in a haystack c) rungs on a ladder d) links on a chain e) coils in a spring |
a) threads in a cloth
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Which of the following statements about enzymes is incorrect?
a) Enzymes can initiate chemical reactions b) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions c) Enzymes often induce conformational changes in the substrates that they bind d) Enzymes contain an active site for binding of particular substrates e) Enzymes undergo a permanent change during the reactions they promote |
e) Enzymes undergo a permanent change during the reactions they promote
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Which of the following nucleotide bases are present in equal amounts in DNA?
a) adenine and cytosine b) thymine and guanine c) thymine and cytosine d) thymine and cytosine e) adenine and thymine |
e) adenine and thymine
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Which type of macromolecule contains an organism's genetic info?
a) polysaccharide b) monosaccharide c) fatty acid d) DNA e) phospholipid |
d) DNA
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All of the following are features of RNA except:
a) a sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate backbone b) a coiled double-stranded structure c) a different type of sugar than is found in DNA d) an ability to direct protein production e) a different type of base than is found in DNA |
b) a coiled double-stranded structure
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An atom of sodium has an atomic # of 11 and an atom of chlorine has an atomic # of 17.
a) Indicate the # of electrons that are present in the outermost electron shell of each atom. b) Predict what type of bond would form between these atoms, and explain why. |
a) Sodium atom has one electron in its outermost shell; the fluorine atom has 7 electrons in its outer most shell.
b) An ionic bond forms btw these 2 atoms. Neither atom has a full outer electron shell, and both are unstable. The atoms interact to achieve a full outer shell of electrons: the single electron in the outermost shell of the sodium is transferred to the outermost shell of the fluorine. Each atom becomes an ion, and the oppositely charged ions attract each other. |
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Explain how hydrogen bonding plays a part in each of the unique properties of water and, in essence, allows for life on earth.
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1st, cohesion is a result of polar water molecules easily bonding together by hydrogen bonds; this allows one water molecule to "connect" with the next as water makes it way up from the soil to the leaves of a tall tree. 2nd, water has a large capacity to hold heat and resists large fluctuations in temperature; this is because added energy, in the form of heat, does not increase the movement of water molecules, as occurs in most substances. Instead, hydrogen bonds between water molecules are briefly broken and then re-form with nearby water molecules. 3rd, ice is less dense than water, so it floats; this is because polar water molecules are held apart by hydrogen bonds when the temperature drops. 4th water is an excellent solvent because water molecules are polar. Polar molecules with charged regions are attracted to the charged regions of other polar molecules. Many substances contain polar molecules, which easily dissolve in water.
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There are many cleaning products on the market that advertise their ability to get rid of stubborn, oily dirt. Why is water alone not sufficient for removing oily dirt?
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Water is a polar molecule and is attracted to other polar molecules, or molecules with charged regions. Oil consists of non-polar molecules.
As a results, polar water molecules will not interact with oil, and water by itself will not be able to dissolve oily dirt. |
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Some who are watching what they eat may opt for a salad when they are dining out. A dinner salad may include lettuce, celery, strawberries, walnuts, chicken and a salad dressing of oil and vinegar. Explain which category of major macromolecules each of these individual salad components falls into. Then explain the general purpose or function of each major macromolecule.
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Lettuce and celery contain carbs, which provide a source of energy or fuel for the body. Strawberries also contain carbs, but more monosaccharides versus the complex carbs of lettuce and celery. Walnuts and chicken are sources of protein. The amino acid building blocks of protein are used to build many structures and molecules required by all cells. The salad dressing contains lipids, which provide the body with energy.
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Which of the following statements about cell theory is correct?
a) all living organisms are made up of one or more cells. b) All cells arise from other, pre-existing cells c) All eukaryotic cells contain symbiotic prokaryotes d) All prokaryotic cells contain symbiotic eukaryotes e) Both a & b are correct |
e) Both a & b are correct
All living organisms are made up of one or more cells and all cells arise from other, pre-existing cells |
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Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is incorrect?
a) Prokaryotes apepared on earth before eukaryotes b) Prokaryotes have circular pieces of DNA within their nuclei c) Prokaryotes contain cytoplasm d) Prokaryotes contain ribosomes e) Some prokaryotes can conduct photosynthesis |
b) Prokaryotes have circular pieces of DNA wihtin their nuclei
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Which of the following facts supports the claim that mitochondria developed from bacteria that, long ago, were incorporated into eukaryotic cells by the process of phagocytosis?
a) Mitochondria have flagella for motion b) Mitochondria have proteins for the synthesis of ATP c) Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell d) Mitochondria are small and easily transported across cell membranes e) Mitochondria have their own DNA |
e) Mitochondria have their own DNA
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Hydrophobic molecules can pass freely through the plasma membrane, but molecules with electrical charges (such as ions and polar molecules) are impeded by the hydrophobic core. For this reason, plasma membranes can be considered:
a) partially permeable b) impermeable c) hydrophobic d) hydrophilic e) None of these terms properly describe plasma membranes |
a) partially permeable
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Drugs called beta-blockers do all of the following except:
a) reduce high blood pressure b) block signaling through adrenaline receptors c) reduce outward symptoms of anxiety d) bind to the cytoplasmic side of a receptor protein e) reduce the effects of adrenaline on the heart |
d) bind to the cytoplasmic side of a receptor protein
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Cellular "fingerprints":
a) are exposed on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. b) are made from cholesterol c) are "erased" by the HIV virus d) can help the immune system distinguish "self" from "non-self." e) All of the above are correct |
d) Can help the immune system distinguish "self" from "non-self."
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The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration is best described as:
a) active transport b) inactivated transport c) passive transport d) channel-mediated diffusion e) electron transport |
c) passive transport
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The transport of water across a membrane from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration is best described as:
a) osmosis b) facilitated diffusion c) receptor-mediated transport d) active transport e) general diffusion |
a) osmosis
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In an experiment, you measure the concentration of a polar molecule inside and outside a cell. you find that the concentration is high and gradually increasing inside the cell. You also measure the ATP concentration inside the cell and find that it is dropping. What is your best hypothesis for the process you are observing?
a) facilitated diffusion b) passive transport c) simple diffusion d) active transport e) endocytosis |
d) active transport
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Which of the following allows the passage of small molecules between animal cells?
a) nucleoli b) tight junctions c) desmosomes d) gap junctions e) black holes |
d) gap junctions
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The largest structure in a eukaryotic cell is the ______ and it is surrounded by ______ membrane.
a) nucleus; one b) nucleus; two c) Glogi apparatus; one d) mitochondrion; two e) mitochondrion; one |
b) nucleus; two
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The cytoskeleton:
a) is a viscous fluid found in all cells b) fills a cell's nucleus but not the other organelles c) gives an animal cell shape and support, but cannot control movement d) helps to coordinate intracellular movement of organelles and molecules e) All of the above |
d) helps to coordinate intracellular movements of organelles and molecules
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Which of the following statements about mitochondria is correct?
a) Mitochondria are found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes b) There tend to be more mitochondira in fat cells than in liver cells c) Most plant cells contain mitochondria d) Mitochondria may have originated evolutionarily as photosynthetic bacteria e) All of the above are correct |
c) Most plant cells contain mitochondria
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Which of the following organelles is not present in animal cells?
a) lysosome b) Golgi apparatus c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum d) mitochondrion e) chloroplast |
e) chloroplast
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Given that a cell's structure reflects its function, what function would you predict for a cell with a large Golgi apparatus?
a) movement b) secretion of digestive enzymes c) transport of chemical signals d) rapid replication of genetic material and coordination of cell division e) attachment to bone tissue |
b) secretion of digestive enzymes
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Cell Walls:
a) only occur in plant cells b) are not completely solid, having many small pores c) confer less structural support than the plasma membrane d) dissolve when a plant dies e) are made primarily from phospholipids |
b) are not completely solid, having many small pores
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Which one of the following organelles is not found in both plant and animal cells?
a) nucleus b) rough endoplasmic reticulum c) mitochondrion d) smooth endoplasmic reticulum e) central vacuole |
e) central vacuole
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In plant cells, chloroplasts:
a) serve the same purpose that mitochondria serve in animal cells b) are the site of conversion of light energy into chemical energy c) play an important role in the breakdown of plant toxins d) have their own linear strands of DNA e) Both A & B are correct |
b) are the site of conversion of light energy into chemical energy
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A cell is exposed to a substance that prevents it from dividing. The cell becomes larger and larger. This situation:
a. should present no problem to the cell since it can continue to perform all other necessary functions b. should present no problem to the cell because the surface area of the cell will increase as the volume of the cell increases c. will eventually be problematic since the surface area to volume ratio is decreasing d. none of the above |
c. will eventually be problematic since the surface area to volume ratio is decreasing
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A certain type of cell makes defensive proteins (antibodies) that are secreted from the cell. It is possible to track the path of these as they leave the cell by labeling them with radioactive isotopes. Which of the following might be the path of proteins from where they are made to the cell membrane?
a. chloroplast to Golgi complex to cell membrane b. rough endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi complex to cell membrane c. nucleus to Golgi complex to cell membrane d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum to lysosomes to cell membrane |
b. rough endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi complex to cell membrane
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A scientist discovers an unidentified unicellular organism. To identify it as eukaryotic she must determine if it has:
a. ribosomes b. cytoplasm c. mitochondria d. DNA e. cilia |
c. mitochondria
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Last winter you developed a bad case of bronchitis (a respiratory tract infection). Which of the following bacterial structures may have assisted in the ability of the bronchitis bacteria to cause your infection?
a. pili b. ribosomes c. cell membrane d. cytoplasm |
a. pili
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Which of the following pairs of organelles are concerned with energy production?
a. ribosomes and mitochondria b. lysosomes and chloroplasts c. endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex d. mitochondria and chloroplasts |
d. mitochondria and chloroplasts
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Which of these structures would never be found in an animal cell?
a.endoplasmic reticulum b.nucleus c.flagellum d.mitochondria e.central vacuole |
e. central vacuole
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The ability of some bacteria to cause disease relates to the presence of structures such as:
a. pili and capsules b. cytoplasm and a nucleoid region c. ribosomes and DNA d. the cell membrane and flagella |
a. pili and capsules
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Which of these prokaryotic cell structures is not matched with an appropriate function?
a. Ribosomes: produce proteins based on DNA instructions b. Plasmid: additional piece of DNA that can code for resistance c. Capsule: microscopic hairs that help the cell attach to surfaces d. Spores: structures that allow a bacterium to survive for years and are difficult to kill |
c. Capsule: microscopic hairs that help the cell attach to surfaces
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Disorder or condition:
Smoker's cough Tay Sachs disease “Tolerance” Structure or organelle involved? What happens? |
Disorder or condition:
Smoker's cough Tay Sachs disease “Tolerance” Structure or organelle involved cilia lysosomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum What happens? -Smoke disables cilia, losing filtration, thus causing "smoker's cough", an attempt to hack up debris/bacteria. -Lysosomes fail, causing accumulation of lipids. Eventually lysosomes burst, killing the cell. 100% fatal. - Each exposure leads to production of detox enzymes, causing not only increased tolerance to alcohol, but unwanted harmful bacterium and drugs. This equates to needing higher levels of toxin to get an effect. |
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Name one unique plant cell structure or organelle and one unique bacterial cell structure (meaning these structures are not found in any other type of cell) and indicate their functions.
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Plant cell structure:
chloroplast- functioning photosynthesis, site of glucose production Bacterial cell structure: Capsule- a gooey layer of the surface of the cell used to help the bacterium adhere to a surface |
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Which of these structures is found exclusively in plant cells?
a) nucleus b) chloroplast c) Golgi Complex d) Ribosome |
b) chloroplast
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Which of these prokaryotic cell structures isn't matched with the appropriate function:
a) Ribosomes- produce proteins based on DNA instructions b) Plasmid- additional piece of DNA that can code for resistance c) Capsule- microscopic hairs that help the cell attach to surfaces d) Spores- structures that allow bacteria to survive for years and are difficult to kill |
c) Capsule- microscopic hairs that help the cell attach to surface
*Should be Cilia* |
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cells need a ______ surface area relative to a ______ small volume. This is referred to as a ______ surface area to volume ratio.
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1. large
2. small 3. large |
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Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
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Pro
-Smaller -Have single loop of DNA -Oxygen is not always needed -No presence of membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotic: -Relatively larger -Several linear pieces of DNA called chromosomes -Oxygen is usually needed -Presence of membrane-bound organelles |
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organelle
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a compartment in the cell, separated by a membrane, where a specific, specialized function takes place
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What is an advantage of having organelles?
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They allow for specialization, keeping things organized and efficient in the cell so more than one chemical reaction can occur in the cell at a time without them mixing.
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Structures always found in Prokaryotic cells
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1. Cell (plasma) membrane
- outer boundary of the cell (gatekeeper) 2. Nucleoid -Area where single loop of DNA is located 3. Ribosomes -Produces proteins 4. Cytoplasm -Liquid portion of the cell |
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Structures found in only certain types of Bacteria:
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1. Cell wall
-An extra layer (usually made of peptidoglycan) on the surface of the cell, giving extra shape and protection 2. Flagella -A "tail" allowing motility, the ability to move 3. Capsule -gooey layer of surface of cell to help adhere to a surface 4. Pili - microscopic "hairs" on the surface to aid in attachment to surfaces 5. Plasmid -An extra loop of DNA usually containing code for resistance to things that kill bacteria, like antibiotics 6. Spores -Bacterial cells can convert themselves to spores as a survival strategy, which can live without water or nutrients for years. ex: anthrax, tetanus, and botulism |
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What are the 3 additional structures plant cells have and other differences?
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Plant Cells
-Rectangular shaped (animal cells are roundish) 1. Presence of a cell wall 2. Presence of chloroplasts (photosynthesis) 3. Presence of a central vacuole |
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4 Basic Types of Molecules all Cells have:
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1. Carbs
2. Fats 3. proteins 4. Nucleic acids (like DNA) |
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nature of cell membrane in Eukaryotic cell structures
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-Not membrane bound
- In both plants and animals - Outer boundary of the cell (gatekeeper) |
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nature of ribosomes in Eukaryotic cell structures
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-Not membrane bound
-In both plants and animals -Protein synthesis |
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nature of cytoplasm in Eukaryotic cell structures
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-Not membrane bound
-In both plants and animals -Liquid portion of the cell |
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What 3 structures are found in all eukaryotic cells?
|
-cell membrane
-ribosomes -cytoplasm |
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nature of cell wall in Eukaryotic cell structures
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-Not membrane bound
-in plants -rigid layer on surface of cell membrane, made of cellulose-AKA fiber-which maintains shape/structure of plant cells. |
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nature of flagella in Eukaryotic cell structures
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-Not membrane bound
-in animals (maybe) -a tail used for movement. ex: sperm |
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nature of cytoskeleton in Eukaryotic cell structures
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-Not membrane bound
-In both plants and animals -A series of fibers that run through the cell used to support the shape, for reproduction, and for tracks for other organelles to move along in the cell. "The Highway" |
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Nature of cilia in Eukaryotic cell structures
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-Not membrane bound
-Only found on certain types of cells -Microscopic hairs to filter debris, particles and microbes in respiratory tract |
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Nature of nucleus in Eukaryotic cell structures
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-membrane bound
-In both plants and animals -Houses chromosomes -1 part is the nucleolus, that makes parts of the ribosomes -true organelle |
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Endomembrane system
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composed of the SER, RER, Golgi, lysosomes and central vacuole, PLUS vesicles to help things move through the system
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vesicles
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transport bubbles
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Nature of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
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-Membrane bound
-In both plants and animals -Lipid synthesis -Special role in liver to make detoxifying enzymes |
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Nature of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
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-Membrane bound
-In both plants and animals -Glycoprotein synthesis -Surface studded with ribosomes, whose created proteins enter RER to be modified. |
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What does the modification of ribosome-created proteins in the RER entail?
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Modification often involves adding a sugar which serves as a label to identify that protein. Given that a cell might have instructions to make more than 10,000 different types of proteins, labels are important.
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Nature of Golgi Complex
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-membrane bound
-in both plants and animals -Sorts content from the ER and rounts them to their appropriate locations. "The Post Office" *Some items may need to be sent to other places in the cell and some may need to be sent to the cell membrane to exit the cell. |
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nature of lysosomes
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-membrane bound
-in both plants and animals -"garbage disposal," containing digestive enzymes that break down items. Things the cell doesn't need, has too much of, or are damaged will be sent to the lysosomes to be destroyed. |
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nature of central vacuole
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-membrane bound
-in plants -storage of water and nutrients (muy importante para plants) |
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nature of chloroplasts
|
-membrane bound
-in plants -photosynthesis: site of glucose production, where plants convert CO2 to glucose. Process also produces oxygen. |
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Nature of mitochondria
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-membrane bound
-in both plants and animals -Aerobic cellular respiration: process that breaks down glucose in order to produce ATP, energy, for the cell |
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Unique Features of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
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-Both have their own DNA
-Both have double membrane around them |
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Theory of Endosymbiosis
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supposition that certain bacteria (which have DNA and a cell membrane) were engulfed by a larger cell. The cells that were once bacteria, are now living inside the larger cell in a symbiotic relationship.
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, SER
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detoxifier
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, RER
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protein modifier, labels with a sugar to identify protein
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Golgi Complex
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Post Office
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Lysosomes
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Garbage Disposal
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cell membrane
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gate keeper
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ribosomes
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create protein
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cytoplasm
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cell juice
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chloroplasts
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photosynthesis
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The scientific method can be more powerful than other ways of knowing because it is more:
a) reliable. b) precise. c) systematic. d) intuitive. e) Only a), b), and c) are correct. |
Only a), b), and c) are correct.
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Which of the following statements is true about acids and bases?
a) Acids mixed with bases neutralize each other. b) Acids and bases do not react with each other. c) Acids mixed with bases make stronger acids. d) Acids mixed with bases make stronger bases. e) Acids are stronger than bases. |
Acids mixed with bases neutralize each other.
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Which of the following areas is NOT heavily influenced by biology?
a) agriculture b) behavioral issues c) criminology d) technology e) Biology heavily influences ALL of these areas. |
Biology heavily influences ALL of these areas.
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In a phospholipid, the head is _____, and the fatty acid is _____.
a) unsaturated, saturated b) hydrophilic, hydrophobic c) hydrophobic, hydrophilic d) hydrophobic, hydrophobic e) hydrophilic, hydrophilic |
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
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The rough ER is the site of protein synthesis and the smooth ER is the site of lipid synthesis. What is the third compartment of the endomembrane system and what is that compartment's function?
a) Vesicles: packages of proteins surrounded by cell membranes that sort the proteins and lipids for packaging b) Ribosomes: the place of protein transcription c) Pyroxisomes: vescicles that breakdown unwanted forms of lipids d) Golgi apparatus: finishes the processing of the proteins and sorts them for export out of the cell e) None of the above is correct. |
Golgi apparatus: finishes the processing of the proteins and sorts them for export out of the cell
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Water molecules form which type of bond with other water molecules?
a) Oxygen bonds b) Hydrogen bonds c) Covalent bonds d) Ionic bonds e) Van der waals bonds |
Hydrogen bonds
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All of the following are lipids EXCEPT:
a) triacylglycerol. b) steroids. c) cholesterol. d) fats. e) insulin. |
insulin.
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Covalent bonds are bonds in which:
a) one atom donates a proton to another atoms and the resulting positive and negative molecules are bound to each other. b) two atoms share electrons. c) one atom donates an electron to another atom. d) the weak negative charge from one atom associates with the weak positive charge from another atom. e) two atoms nuclei fuse. |
two atoms share electrons.
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Which of the following statements about the cell theory is correct?
a) All living organisms are made up of one or more cells. b) All cells arise from other, pre-existing cells. c) All prokaryotic cells contain symbiotic eukaryotes. d) All eukaryotic cells contain symbiotic prokaryotes. e) Both a) and b) are correct. |
E Both a) and b) are correct.
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By 1796 it had been observed that milk maids who had been exposed to cowpox did not succumb to the deadly plague of smallpox that was ravishing both Europe and Britain. From this observation, Edward Jenner was able to construct the world's first successful vaccine. Which of the following statements best fits Jenner's hypothesis that led him to his creation of the vaccine?
a) If exposure to cowpox gives immunity to smallpox in milkmaids, then milkmaids have an natural immunity and their blood should be used to develop a smallpox vaccine. b) If exposure to cowpox gives immunity to smallpox in milkmaids, then exposure to cowpox should give immunity to smallpox in other individuals as well. c) If milkmaids exposed to cowpox are immune to smallpox, then cowpox and smallpox are the same disease. d) Cowpox and smallpox are caused by the same microorganism. e) Exposure to smallpox always gives immunity to cowpox. |
B If exposure to cowpox gives immunity to smallpox in milkmaids, then exposure to cowpox should give immunity to smallpox in other individuals as well.
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Urine, with a pH of 6, is _________ times more acidic than seawater, with a pH of 8.
a) 150 b) 133 c) 100 d) 10 e) 60 |
C 100
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During an experiment to determine if people with more symmetrical body features have a lower incidence of disease, a researcher first measures the length of several bones in the subject's hands and arms. The device used to measure length does not display a readout of the measurement taken. Instead, a wire connects the measuring device to a computer that records the data. The computer monitor is kept out of sight of the subject and the researcher. Why is such an elaborate device used?
a) So that the identify of the subject will remain anonymous. b) So that the experiment will be repeatable. c) So that the subject will not know if he or she is part of the control group. d) So that the measurements are not biased by the researcher. e) So that the subject will not be injured by the experiment. |
D So that the measurements are not biased by the researcher.
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Which of the following elements is least abundant in your body?
a) oxygen b) hydrogen c) nitrogen d) iron e) carbon |
D iron
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The four most abundant elements in living organisms are:
a) hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon. b) carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and calcium. c) sodium, nitrogen, carbon, and silicon. d) carbon, hydrogen, potassium, and oxygen. e) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. |
A hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon.
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Energy used in cellular respiration can originate from:
a) fats only. b) proteins and fats only. c) proteins only. d) carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. e) carbohydrates only. |
D carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
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Which of the following statements cannot be evaluated by the scientific method?
a) Cows are colorblind. b) Bees can't fly in cold temperatures. c) Plants get energy from the sun. d) Conjoined twins cannot be separated without one of them dying. e) Trees emit psychic screams when you cut them down. |
E Trees emit psychic screams when you cut them down.
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Just four elements make up more than 96% of the human body. These include:
a) oxygen, carbon, phosphorous, hydrogen. b) oxygen, carbon, calcium, phosphorous. c) nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, sodium. d) chlorine, phosphorous, hydrogen, oxygen. e) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. |
E carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
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Superstitions are:
a) held by some humans but not by any non-human species. b) true beliefs that have yet to be fully understood. c) proof that the scientific method is not perfect. d) valuable during the observation phase of the scientific method but tend to impede the data gathering and quantitative analysis phases of the scientific method. e) irrational beliefs that actions not logically related to a course of events influence its outcome. |
E irrational beliefs that actions not logically related to a course of events influence its outcome.
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The purpose of the experimentation phase of the scientific method is to:
a) gather evidence to formulate a theory. b) gather evidence to support or reject a hypothesis. c) make predictive, testable statements about observations. d) formulate a null hypothesis. e) gather preliminary data from which a hypothesis can be made. |
B gather evidence to support or reject a hypothesis.
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A cell's interior is considered isotonic to the surrounding fluid when:
a) the solute concentration is lower within the cell than outside the cell. b) the cell is no longer expanding. c) the solute concentration is higher within the cell than outside the cell. d) the solute concentrations are the same within and outside the cell. e) there is an equal number of water molecules immediately outside the cell as inside the cell. |
D the solute concentrations are the same within and outside the cell.
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The pH of a fluid is a measure of:
a) how acidic or basic it is. b) the concentration of phosphate groups. c) its capacity to function as a soap. d) the amount of oxygen ion present. e) its enzymatic stability. |
A how acidic or basic it is.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a theory?
a) evolution b) electromagnetism c) relativity d) gravity e) All of the above are considered to be theories. |
E All of the above are considered to be theories.
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Which of the following statements could NOT arise from making scientific observations?
a) The quartz crystal I had in my pocket today increased the likelihood of life being discovered on other planets by ten times. b) I sneezed two separate times today, and both times I sneezed three sneezes in a row. c) Human twins have exactly the same DNA. d) There are tiny creatures visible under a microscope that can't be seen by the naked eye. e) The hair on my legs grew to a length of 1 cm in 3 days after shaving if off. |
A The quartz crystal I had in my pocket today increased the likelihood of life being discovered on other planets by ten times.
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Which of the following is the BEST description of a control group in an experiment?
a) The control group is identical to each test group except for one variable. b) Most experiments only require test groups. c) The control group and the test groups may have several differences between them. d) There should be more than one control group in any experiment. e) There can be more than one difference between the control group and test groups, but not several differences or else the experiment is invalid. |
A The control group is identical to each test group except for one variable.
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The lysosome:
a) modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism. b) synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules. c) processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules. d) directs cellular activity and stores hereditary information. e) digests and recycles cellular waste products and consumed materials. |
E digests and recycles cellular waste products and consumed materials.
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Hydrogen bonds are:
a) the electrostatic interaction between two atoms that have lost electrons and another atom that has gained an electron. b) only found in water. c) approximately as strong as a covalent bond. d) the interaction between a hydrogen covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom. e) the sharing of electrons between an oxygen atom and another atom. |
D the interaction between a hydrogen covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.
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The set of analytical and mathematical tools designed to help researchers gain understanding from the data they gather is called:
a) biology. b) experimentation. c) statistics. d) interviews. e) genetics. |
C statistics.
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What is the molecular explanation for why the sweetener Splenda is perceived by the human tongue as being sweet?
a) Molecules of Splenda contain equal numbers of atoms and bonds as sucrose molecules. b) Splenda occurs in nature along with sucrose; humans evolved to be able to sense both. c) Molecules of Splenda are similar in shape and structure to sucrose. d) Splenda crystals are white, just like sucrose crystals. e) Molecules of Splenda block sour receptors (like sucrose), making us sense a sweet aftertaste. |
C Molecules of Splenda are similar in shape and structure to sucrose.
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Which of the following organelles is responsible for degrading waste within the cell?
a) Golgi apparatus b) nucleolus c) ribosome d) endoplasmic reticulum e) lysosome |
E lysosome
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Evaluate the following hypothesis and then select from the choices below the BEST reason why it would not be a good hypothesis for a scientific experiment:
"Reading books makes you a better person." a) The hypothesis is not formed into a question. b) There are no observations that support this claim. c) The term "person" is too broad and needs to be more particular. d) What makes a person "better" is a subjective opinion that cannot be proven. e) The term "books" is not descriptive enough and should be limited to a certain genre. |
D What makes a person "better" is a subjective opinion that cannot be proven.
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A well-constructed hypothesis will:
a) establish many overlapping explanations for a phenomenon. b) generate a testable prediction. c) be based on evidence that cannot be challenged by scientific experiment. d) lead you to the conclusions you know are true. e) establish only two correlated explanations for a phenomenon. |
B generate a testable prediction.
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To absorb large particles, cells engulf them within their plasma membrane in a process called:
a) cell mediated exocytosis. b) translation. c) transcription. d) replication. e) endocytosis. |
E endocytosis.
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If you conduct an experiment that rejects your hypothesis, then:
a) your experiment was a failure. b) you should publish your results anyway. c) your experiment was poorly designed. d) the null hypothesis was a better fit to your data. e) you are less likely to get funding for your next experiment. |
D the null hypothesis was a better fit to your data.
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The smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
a) synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules. b) processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules. c) performs photosynthesis. d) harvests energy for cellular functions. e) modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism. |
A synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules.
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The pH scale is a direct measure of:
a) the concentration of salt in a solution. b) the concentration of buffers in a solution. c) the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. d) the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution. e) the concentration of hydrogen atoms in a solution. |
C the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
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The atomic number of an element is:
a) the number of neutrons in the nucleus of one atom. b) the number of electrons in the nucleus of one atom. c) the mass of one atom, in atomic mass units (amu). d) the number of protons in the nucleus of one atom. e) the total number of particles in the nucleus of one atom. |
the number of protons in the nucleus of one atom.
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All matter on earth, both living and nonliving, is made up of:
a) DNA. b) atoms. c) phospholipids. d) cells. e) protonos. |
B atoms.
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Osmosis is MORE or LESS specialized than diffusion because it involves _________.
a) more, acids b) more, water c) more, bases d) less, all liquids e) less, solute |
B more, water
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Which of the following BEST summarizes the differences between osmosis and diffusion?
a) Osmosis deals only with solute. b) Osmosis deals only with water. c) Osmosis deals only with alkaline liquids. d) Diffusion deals only with water. e) Diffusion deals only with solute. |
B Osmosis deals only with water.
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How can science best help each of us understand the role of humans in nature?
a) Science can provide us with a set of moral precepts. b) Science can provide understanding of how the systems of nature work. c) Science can provide us with a specific political agenda. d) Science can show us what is right and wrong. e) None of the above is correct. |
B Science can provide understanding of how the systems of nature work.
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Which statement about phospholipids is FALSE?
a) They contain glycerol linked to fatty acids. b) They are hydrophilic at one end. c) They are a major constituent of cell membranes. d) They are hydrophobic on one end. e) Because the unsaturated fatty acid chains are easily broken they are the chief form of short term energy. |
E Because the unsaturated fatty acid chains are easily broken they are the chief form of short term energy.
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In controlled experiments:
a) all critical variables are manipulated. b) the independent variable is dependent on the dependent variable. c) one variable is manipulated while others are held constant. d) all variables are independent of each other. e) all variables are held constant. |
one variable is manipulated while others are held constant.
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If the solution surrounding a cell contains the same amount of solute as the cytoplasm the osmotic condition is said to be:
a) isobaric. b) adiabatic. c) isotonic. d) hypotonic. e) hypertonic. |
C isotonic.
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Which of the following organelles is not present in animal cells?
a) lysosome b) chloroplast c) rough endoplasmic reticulum d) mitochondrion e) Golgi apparatus |
B chloroplast
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Which of the following would be the most reasonable testable prediction for the hypothesis: "All birds can fly"?
a) Locate places in the world where flight would be advantageous, and count the number of birds that live there. b) Observe all the birds outside your home for a week to see if they all can fly. c) Take a random sampling of 5 birds from around the world to verify that they can all fly. d) Examine the list of all known species of birds and determine if any cannot fly. e) In a double-blind study, take 100 random animals to see if they all can fly. |
D Examine the list of all known species of birds and determine if any cannot fly.
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Multiple atoms linked together are called:
a) an ion. b) an isotope. c) a molecule. d) an element. e) a reactant. |
C a molecule.
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What major advantage does the presence of organelles offer eukaryotic cells?
a) They make eukaryotic cells stronger. b) They help make eukaryotic cells larger. c) They greatly simplify eukaryotic cells, making them less complex. d) They help to blend together the chemicals throughout the cell. e) They separate chemicals into different compartments, concentrating them for certain reactions. |
E They separate chemicals into different compartments, concentrating them for certain reactions.
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Which of the following statements about living systems is NOT true?
a) All living systems are made up of non-living molecules. b) All living systems must capture, store, and transmit energy. c) All living systems are directly dependent on sunlight. d) All living systems must obey chemical laws. e) All living systems must obey physical laws. |
C All living systems are directly dependent on sunlight.
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Which of the following nucleotide bases are present in equal amounts in DNA?
a) adenine and thymine b) thymine and guanine c) guanine and cytosine d) adenine and guanine e) Both a) and c) are correct. |
E Both a) and c) are correct.
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The rough endoplasmic reticulum:
a) modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism. b) directs cellular activity and stores hereditary information. c) digests and recycles cellular waste products and consumed materials. d) processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules. e) synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules. |
A modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism.
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If your hypothesis is "Eyewitness testimony is always accurate," which of the following is a reasonable testable prediction?
a) Individuals who have witnessed a crime will correctly identify the criminal regardless of whether multiple suspects are presented in person or in photographs. b) Individuals who have witnessed a crime will correctly identify the criminal regardless of whether multiple suspects are presented wearing different styles of clothing or the same style of clothing. c) Individuals who have witnessed a crime will correctly identify the criminal regardless of whether multiple suspects are presented in a police line-up or at the scene of the crime. d) Individuals who have witnessed a crime will correctly identify the criminal regardless of whether multiple suspects are presented one at a time or all at the same time. e) All of the above are reasonable testable predictions for this hypothesis. |
E All of the above are reasonable testable predictions for this hypothesis.
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What is the meaning of the phrase "correlation does not imply causation"?
a) It is not possible to demonstrate a correlation between two variables. b) Just because two variables vary in a similar pattern does not mean that changing one variable causes a change in the other. c) When a change in one variable causes a change in another variable, the two variables are not necessarily related to each other in any way. d) Just because two variables vary in a similar pattern does not mean that they have any relationship to each other. e) It is not possible to prove the cause of any naturally occurring phenomenon. |
D Just because two variables vary in a similar pattern does not mean that changing one variable causes a change in the other.
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Which of the following cellular components contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with the digestion of macromolecules?
a) ribosomes b) lysosomes c) centrioles d) golgisomes e) None of the above is correct. |
B lysosomes
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How are phospholipid molecules that make up the surface membrane of a cell organized?
a) A two-layered structure is formed, with the hydrophobic tails facing in to each other, sandwiched between the hydrophilic heads that face the interior of the cell and the exterior environment. b) A single layered structure is formed, with the hydrophobic tails facing in to the interior of the cell and the hydrophobic head on the outside, facing the exterior environment. c) A single layered structure is formed, with the hydrophobic heads facing in to the interior of the cell and the hydrophobic tails on the outside, facing the exterior environment. d) A two-layered structure is formed, with the hydrophobic heads facing in to each other, sandwiched between and the globular proteins facing the exterior environment. e) Both b) and d) are possible. |
D A two-layered structure is formed, with the hydrophobic tails facing in to each other, sandwiched between the hydrophilic heads that face the interior of the cell and the exterior environment.
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DNA is made of
a) glucose molecules. b) fatty acids. c) amino acids. d) nucleotides. e) adenoside diphosphate. |
D nucleotides.
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Which of the following questions would be LEAST helped by application of the scientific method?
a) developing more effective high school curricula b) evaluating the relationship between violence in videogames and criminal behavior in teens c) formulating public policy on euthanasia d) comparing the effectiveness of two potential antibiotics e) none of the above would be helped. |
C formulating public policy on euthanasia
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In a well-designed experiment:
a) there are no assumptions. b) the null hypothesis will not be tested. c) the prediction will be highly improbable if the explanation is incorrect. d) the prediction will be highly probable if the explanation is correct. e) Both c) and d) are correct. |
E Both c) and d) are correct.
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If you toss a coin and it comes up tails on eight consecutive tosses, what is the likelihood it will come up heads on the ninth toss?
a) 3/4 b) 4/9 c) 1/2 d) 1 e) 5/9 |
C 1/2
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Mammalian cells take in many molecules including hormones, antibodies, and blood proteins. This process is coordinated by proteins that recognize their specific target molecule. This process is best described as:
a) passive cytosis. b) phagocytosis. c) active transport. d) receptor-mediated endocytosis. e) exocytosis. |
D receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Thinking scientifically relies on which of the following?
a) intuition b) objective observation and experimentation c) skepticism d) learning a list of facts e) Both b) and c) are correct. |
E Both b) and c) are correct.
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"Beta-blockers" do all of the following EXCEPT:
a) reduce outward symptoms of anxiety. b) bind to the cytoplasmic side of a receptor protein. c) reduce high blood pressure. d) block signaling through adrenaline receptors. e) reduce the effects of adrenaline on the heart. |
B bind to the cytoplasmic side of a receptor protein.
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If the results of an experiment turn out differently from what you expected, then:
a) you need to have another researcher do the experiment and analyze their results. b) your instruments were probably at fault. c) you should explore the reasons for this in the "conclusions" section of your experimental write-up. d) you need to redo your experiment until you get the expected result. e) you didn't follow the scientific method. |
C you should explore the reasons for this in the "conclusions" section of your experimental write-up.
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A carbonated soft drink that has a pH of 3 is ________ times more acidic than water.
a) 10,000 b) 30 c) 1000 d) 3000 e) 10 |
A 10,000
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All of the following are elements of biological literacy EXCEPT:
a) the ability to integrate thoughts about issues having a biological component into your decision-making. b) the ability to communicate with others about issues having a biological component. c) All of the above are elements of biological literacy. d) the ability to use the process of scientific inquiry to think creatively about real-world issues having a biological component. e) Only a) and b) are correct |
C All of the above are elements of biological literacy.
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Suppose you measure the height of two people. One is a woman who is 5 feet 10 inches tall. The other is a man who is 5 feet 6 inches tall. Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion to draw from these measurements?
a) Some women are taller than some men. b) Women are taller than men. c) Some men are taller than some women. d) All of the above can be assumed from this data. e) Men are taller than women. |
A Some women are taller than some men.
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What are the three types of endocytosis?
a) phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and exocytosis b) phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis c) vesicles, LDL particles, and receptors d) plasmocytosis, pinocytosis, and exocytosis e) vesicles, LDL particles, and HDL particles |
B phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis
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All macromolecules important in living systems contain:
a) carbon. b) nitrogen. c) noncovalent bonds. d) water. e) amines. |
A carbon.
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Which of the following is NOT true of ALL cells?
a) They have DNA as their genetic material. b) They synthesize new cellular material. c) They are attached by Gap junctions to remain in place. d) They assimilate nutrients. e) They eliminate wastes. |
C They are attached by Gap junctions to remain in place.
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Which of the following is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) centriole b) Golgi apparatus c) ribosome d) lysosome e) lysosomoe |
C ribosome
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Alon claimed that a tincture of a local herb was effective in lowering anxiety and was planning to invest in the product. As evidence of his claim, Alon, who had anxiety over his financial situation, said that he felt much better after the treatment, was much more relaxed, and no longer worried about his finances. Which of the following combinations of methodological flaws BEST characterizes Alon's investigation?
a) lack of replication and lack of appropriate controls b) lack of appropriate outcome measure, replication, randomization, and controls c) lack of appropriate controls and lack of an appropriate outcome measure d) There was no hypothesis developed e) lack of randomization, lack of replication, and lack of an appropriate outcome measure |
B lack of appropriate outcome measure, replication, randomization, and controls
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A protein is a polymer of:
a) amino acids. b) oligosaccharides. c) polypeptides. d) nucleic acids. e) lipids. |
A amino acids.
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Which of the following is usually employed before the others by an investigator using the scientific method?
a) draw conclusions b) formulate a hypothesis c) conduct a critical experiment d) devise a testable prediction e) make observations |
E make observations
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Statistical methods make it possible to:
a) prove any hypothesis is true. b) determine how likely it is that certain results may have occurred by chance. c) test non-falsifiable hypotheses. d) reject any hypothesis. e) unambiguously learn the truth. |
B determine how likely it is that certain results may have occurred by chance.
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A chemical compound that releases OH- into a solution is called:
a) an isotope. b) a hydroxide ion. c) a base. d) an acid. e) a solvent. |
C a base.
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The inner scaffolding of the cell, made from proteins, is:
a) the Golgi apparatus. b) the cytoskeleton. c) the cytoplasm. d) the endoplasmic reticulum. e) the cell wall. |
B the cytoskeleton.
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Sugar and CO2 are dissolved in water to make carbonated soft drinks. Which of the following is the solute?
a) the water only b) the CO2 only c) the sugar only d) the sugar and the water e) the sugar and the CO2 |
E the sugar and the CO2
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How are lysosomes distributed between different types of eukaryotic cells?
a) Every different cell type has the same uniform number of lysosomes. b) The functions of lysosomes do not vary depending on cell type. c) Cells that are found in the stomach have more lysosomes because that is where digestion starts. d) Cells that process a lot of larger nutrients, such as liver cells, have larger amounts of lysosomes then other cells. e) Cells, such as white blood cells, do not need lysosomes, because they engulf bacteria on their own. |
D Cells that process a lot of larger nutrients, such as liver cells, have larger amounts of lysosomes then other cells.
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The most effective way to reduce the risk of _______ is to limit our intake of ___________ .
a) extreme agressiveness, cholesterol b) colon cancer, fiber c) obesity, phospholipids d) incomplete protein, sugars e) heart disease, saturated fats |
E heart disease, saturated fats
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How is a substance determined to be an acid?
a) If it contains a buffer. b) If it dissolves most solids placed in it. c) If it increases the concentration of OH– in the solution. d) If it increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. e) None of the above is correct. |
D If it increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
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When you put a piece of chocolate on your tongue, your brain registers a sensation of sweetness. What aspect of molecules is responsible for their having a particular taste?
a) the molecule's shape b) the amount of hydrogen bonds in the molecule (more hydrogen bonds = sweeter taste) c) the total number of protons in the molecule d) the ratio of covalent bonds to ionic bonds joining the atoms of the molecule e) the speed of melting of the chocolate |
A the molecule's shape
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Prokaryotic organisms lack:
a) replicator molecules (DNA or RNA). b) cell membranes. c) organelles. d) cytoplasm. e) All of the above. |
C organelles.
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Membrane-bound vesicles containing a substance synthesized by a cell fuse to the outer cell membrane and release their contents to the outside world. What is this process called?
a) transcytosis b) phagocytosis c) exocytosis d) excretocytosis e) endocytosis |
C exocytosis
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Buffers are substances that minimize the changes that occur in H+ and OH- concentrations. A buffer works by accepting _______ from the solution when there is an excess and donating them when there is a deficiency.
a) hydroxide ions b) hydrophilic molecules c) water molecules d) CO2 e) hydrogen ions |
A hydrogen ions
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Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
a) Biology is of increasing relevance to our lives in a multitude of areas. b) Evolution accounts for the diversity of organisms. c) Modern biology is in the midst of an explosion of new and exciting developments. d) Evolution explains the unity among organisms. e) None of the above statements is INCORRECT. |
E None of the above statements is INCORRECT.
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Unsaturated fatty acid chains in membrane phospholipids help to maintain fluidity because:
a) they are less likely to pack tightly at lower temperatures. b) they have no valence electrons to donate to neighboring lipids. c) they have kinks induced by extra carbon-carbon double bonds. d) they are positively charged and attract electrolytes. e) Both a) and c) are correct. |
E Both a) and c) are correct.
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To be useful in the scientific method, an observation must be:
a) hypothetical. b) metaphysical. c) definite. d) proven. e) measurable. |
E measurable.
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Why is it common for people to have dramatic weight loss when they first start on a low calorie diet?
a) Their heavy fat molecules are immediately depleted, causing you to lose weight quickly. b) The body breaks down glycogen with water molecules bound to it; much of the weight loss is water loss. c) Low calorie diets increase your metabolic rate, so you burn up both carbohydrates and fats very quickly. d) The body uses up all of its carbohydrate reserves, which alone weigh quite a bit. e) The body converts stored carbohydrates into fat, which is lighter than carbohydrates. |
B The body breaks down glycogen with water molecules bound to it; much of the weight loss is water loss.
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Which of the following statements BEST explains the observation that there are more autism cases now than in the past?
a) Doctors are more aware of the condition and have better techniques for diagnosing and reporting it. b) The vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella has been established as a significant cause of autism. c) Autism is caused by a new mutation and has just shown up in the last few years. d) There are more parents who neglect their children, which is a cause of autism, now than in the past. e) All of the above are equally good explanations for the observation that there are more autism cases now than in the past. |
A Doctors are more aware of the condition and have better techniques for diagnosing and reporting it.
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If the solution surrounding a cell contains less solute than the cytoplasm the osmotic condition is said to be:
a) isotonic. b) without a gradient. c) isobaric. d) hypotonic. e) hypertonic. |
D hypotonic.
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The most abundant molecule in the cell is:
a) oxygen. b) protein. c) amino acids. d) water. e) carbohydrate. |
D water.
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If you were to propose one additional step in the scientific method beyond the common last step of "conclusion," which of the following choices is a reasonable selection?
a) Rerecord your results to fit your conclusion more precisely. b) Create a further question, based on your new conclusion, that can lead to further experiments in the future. c) Go back and make further observations to support your conclusion. d) Reword your hypothesis to more correctly fit with your chosen conclusion. e) Review your background information to make sure your conclusion fits with other similar conclusions. |
B Create a further question, based on your new conclusion, that can lead to further experiments in the future.
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An unsaturated fatty acid is one in which:
a) carbon-carbon double bonds are present in the hydrocarbon chain. b) the hydrocarbon chain has an odd number of carbons. c) not all of the carbons in the hydrocarbon chain are bonded to hydrogen atoms. d) the hydrocarbon chain has an even number of carbons. e) no carbon-carbon double bonds are present in the hydrocarbon chain. |
A carbon-carbon double bonds are present in the hydrocarbon chain.
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How is osmosis across the cellular membrane controlled?
a) The interior of the cell receives chemical signals triggered by the glycoproteins outside the cell to tell it when to let water out or take water in. b) Osmosis does not occur across the cellular membranes, so it cannot be controlled. c) The membrane is impermeable to the solute, so water moves in and out of the cell to maintain a concentration equilibrium between the interior and exterior of the cell. d) Water is "chaperoned" through the cellular membrane by transporting protein carriers. e) None of the above is correct. |
C The membrane is impermeable to the solute, so water moves in and out of the cell to maintain a concentration equilibrium between the interior and exterior of the cell.
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A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and __________________, all linked together by covalent bonds.
a) a nitrogen-containing base b) a phosphorus-containing base c) a polypeptide d) a sugar-containing base e) a triglyceride |
A a nitrogen-containing base
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"Engaging in aerobic activity three times each week will reduce cholesterol levels" is a:
a) scientific control. b) critical experiment. c) testable hypothesis. d) substantiated explanation. e) All of the above are correct. |
C testable hypothesis.
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The ingredient label on a container of shortening indicates "partially hydrogenated vegetable oil." This means that during processing the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the oil was reduced. What is the result of decreasing the number of double bonds?
a) The oil can no longer be digested by human enzymes and so passes through the digestive system without contributing any calories. b) The oil now contains a higher percentage of polypeptides. c) There are more "kinks" in the fatty acid chains, reducing the membrane density. d) The fatty acid is modified from a diglyceride into a triglyceride. e) The oil is now more likely to be solid at room temperature. |
E The oil is now more likely to be solid at room temperature.
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Biological literacy is the ability to:
a) use the process of scientific inquiry to think creatively about real-world issues that have a biological component. b) communicate ideas about biology to others. c) integrate ideas about biology into your decision making. d) All of the above are components of biological literacy. e) None of the above is a component of biological literacy. |
D All of the above are components of biological literacy.
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How an atom bonds with other atoms is chiefly determined by:
a) its nuclear charge. b) its neutrons. c) its atomic mass. d) its electrons. e) its protons. |
D its electrons.
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A primary function of cell membranes is the transport of ions and molecules in and out of cells—transport is directional and selective. The moving of molecules from areas of high concentration to that of low concentration to gain energy is best described as:
a) mediated transport. b) passive transport. c) active transport. d) inactivated transport. e) electron transport. |
B passive transport.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the plant vacuole?
a) waste management b) photosynthesis c) predator deterrence d) nutrient storage e) physical support |
B photosynthesis
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Nuclear ______ are specialized holes in the ________- layered nuclear envelope that separates the nucleus from the ___________.
a) passageways; one; cytoplasm b) pores; two; cytoplasm c) pores; one; endoplasmic reticulum d) vesicles; two; cytoplasm e) junctions; two; extracellular layer |
B pores; two; cytoplasm
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The image of "beads on a string" is often used to describe the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. Which aspect of protein structure does this image most resemble?
a) tertiary structure b) quaternary structure c) primary structure d) secondary structure e) overall structure |
C primary structure
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Enzymes are composed of:
a) carboxylic acids. b) nucleotides. c) fatty acids. d) amino acids. e) glucose molecules. |
D amino acids.
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Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a) It is okay to use someone else's research if they have done work similar to what your hypothesis is. b) The scientific method can be used only to understand scientific phenomena. c) A hypothesis that does not generate a testable prediction is not useful. d) Common sense is usually a good substitute for the scientific method when trying to understand the world. e) All of the above are correct. |
C A hypothesis that does not generate a testable prediction is not useful.
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In the steps of the scientific method, what is the process where a scientist writes down tentative explanations or statements about what he/she expects might happen under certain conditions?
a) experimentation b) theory formation c) observations d) conclusions e) hypotheses formation |
E hypotheses formation
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A group of individuals in a scientific study have lemon juice sprayed in their armpits, rather than "NoSweat" antiperspirant, in an experimental study to determine whether the brand "NoSweat" is more effective than other brands. This group is a ________________ in this study.
a) experimental group b) randomized group c) theoretical group d) control group e) hypothetical group |
D control group
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What is meant by the phrase "hierarchical organization of life"?
a) The "hierarchical organization of life" means the same thing as "the scientific method." b) The "hierarchical organization of life" refers to the fact that life is organized on many levels within individual organisms, including atoms, cells, tissues, and organs. c) The "hierarchical organization of life" means that in the larger world, organisms themselves are organized into many levels: populations, communities, and the ecosystems within the biosphere. d) The "hierarchical organization of life" means that the chemical, cellular, and energetic aspects of life are most important. e) Together, b) and c) combine to describe what is meant by the phrase "hierarchical organization of life." |
E Together, b) and c) combine to describe what is meant by the phrase "hierarchical organization of life."
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The raw materials of science are:
a) predictions. b) atoms. c) hypotheses. d) observations. e) theories. |
D observations.
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Which of the following properties is a result of hydrogen bonding between water molecules?
a) high surface tension b) the ability to dissolve polar substances c) the ability of ice to float in water d) high specific heat e) All of the above are true. |
E All of the above are true.
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The transport of water across a membrane from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration is best described as:
a) facilitated diffusion. b) active transport. c) osmosis. d) receptor-mediated transport. e) general diffusion. |
C osmosis.
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A complex polymer built of amino acids is called a(n):
a) alcohol. b) polysaccharide. c) amine. d) polypeptide. e) carbolic acid. |
D polypeptide.
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Endocytosis:
a) allows a cell to capture large molecules and bring them into the cell. b) allows a cell to transport large particles out of the cell. c) allows a cell to transport nutrients from one side of a cell to another. d) allows a cell to balance osmotic concentrations on both sides of the plasma membrane. e) Both a) and c) are correct. |
A allows a cell to capture large molecules and bring them into the cell.
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Which of the following facts supports the claim that mitochondria developed from bacteria that were long ago phagocytosed into eukaryotic cells?
a) Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell. b) Mitochondria have several of the proteins necessary for photosynthesis. c) Mitochondria frequently exchange DNA with intracellular bacteria. d) Mitochondria have their own DNA. e) Mitochondria have flagella for motion. |
D Mitochondria have their own DNA.
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Two drugs, called colchicine and cytochalasin, are known to disrupt the cytoskeleton within a eukaryotic cell, such as an amoeba. Which cell function would be MOST affected by addition of these drugs to an amoeba?
a) the ability of the amoeba to produce ATP energy from food particles b) the ability of the amoeba to produce proteins c) the ability of the amoeba to crawl and change shape d) the ability of the amoeba to make new DNA e) the ability of enzymes to function inside the amoeba |
B the ability of the amoeba to crawl and change shape
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Which of the following is NOT a correct description of one of the distinct forms of endocytosis?
a) Osmosis occurs when water moves across a cell membrane from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. b) Phagocytosis occurs when large clumps of nutrients are brought into the cell. c) Pinocytosis occurs when water is captured that contains dissolved substances necessary for the cell. d) Receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs when specific biomolecules bind lipids on the outside of the cell membrane and bring the molecules in. e) All of the above are correct descriptions. |
A Osmosis occurs when water moves across a cell membrane from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
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Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (the sugar found in milk) are examples of:
a) disaccharides. b) monosaccharides. c) polyunsaccharide glyceride. d) simple sugars. e) naturally occurring polypeptide. |
A disaccharides.
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Interacting systems of molecules enclosed in compartments called __________ evolved 3.8 billion years ago in living organisms.
a) cells b) organs c) tissues d) microspheres e) circulatory systems |
A cells
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The tendency of water molecules to stick together is called:
a) surface tension. b) cohesion. c) evaporation. d) transpiration. e) adhesion. |
B cohesion.
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Which of the following are all monosaccharides?
a) fructuse and cellulose b) glycogen and glucose c) glucose, fructose, and galactose d) starch, cellulose, and glycogen e) glucose and sucrose |
C glucose, fructose, and galactose
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Which of the following commonly used terms comes closest to the meaning of what scientists call a "hypothesis"?
a) explanation b) observation c) fact d) description e) experiment |
A explanation
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According to statistical analysis, smoking cigarettes is _____________ correlated with the risk of developing lung cancer.
a) not b) negatively c) rarely d) always e) positively |
E positively
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If you conduct an experiment that rejects your hypothesis, then:
a) your experiment was poorly designed. b) the null hypothesis was a better fit to your data. c) you should publish your results anyway. d) your experiment was a failure. e) you are less likely to get funding for your next experiment. |
B the null hypothesis was a better fit to your data.
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When conducting a critical experiment to test whether taking echinacea reduces the duration or severity of a cold, which of the following is NOT an important step?
a) providing some groups with echinacea and others with a placebo b) exposing some groups, but not others, to the cold virus c) providing some groups with treatments of longer duration than others d) randomly dividing volunteers into treatment groups e) All of the above are important steps. |
B exposing some groups, but not others, to the cold virus
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Which of the following allows the passage of small molecules between animal cells?
a) plasmodesmata b) tight junctions c) black holes d) desmosomes e) gap junctions |
E gap junctions
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Why is it that creationism can never be accepted as a scientific explanation of the origin of life?
a) Because most scientists are not deeply religious people. b) Because not all human beings believe in creationism. c) Because the ideas of creationism cannot be tested through experiment and observation. d) Because creationism, like evolution, is a theory and therefore cannot be proved. e) None of the above; creationism can be accepted as a scientific explanation of the origin of life. |
C Because the ideas of creationism cannot be tested through experiment and observation.
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If you toss a coin and it comes up tails seventy-three consecutive times, what is the probability that it will come up heads on the seventy-fourth toss?
a) 1/74 b) 1 c) 0 d) 73/74 e) 1/2 |
E 1/2
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If the solution surrounding a cell contains the same amount of solute as the cytoplasm the osmotic condition is said to be:
a) isobaric. b) adiabatic. c) hypertonic. d) hypotonic. e) isotonic. |
E isotonic.
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Energy used in cellular respiration can originate from:
a) proteins and fats only. b) fats only. c) carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. d) proteins only. e) carbohydrates only. |
C carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
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The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration is best described as:
a) electron transport. b) channel-mediated diffusion. c) passive transport. d) inactivated transport. e) active transport. |
C passive transport.
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Which of the following elements is least abundant in your body?
a) nitrogen b) iron c) oxygen d) hydrogen e) carbon |
B iron
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______________________ makes scientific-sounding claims that are not supported by trustworthy, methodical scientific studies.
a) Statistics b) Evolutionary biology c) Pseudoscience d) All advertising e) Anecdotal evidence |
C Pseudoscience
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A lake in rural Maine drops in pH from 7 to 5 as a result of acid rain falling into it. How has the H+ ion concentration changed as a result of the acid rain?
a) The H+ ion concentration hasn't changed, but the OH- ion concentration has doubled. b) The H+ ion concentration has decreased by half its starting concentration. c) The H+ ion concentration has increased 100 times its starting concentration. d) The H+ ion concentration has doubled its starting concentration. e) The H+ ion concentration has decreased by 20 times its starting concentration. |
C The H+ ion concentration has increased 100 times its starting concentration.
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What cellular structure makes it possible for a cell to differ structurally and biochemically from its surroundings?
a) endoplasmic reticulum b) cell wall c) nucleus d) plasma membrane e) phospholipid |
D plasma membrane
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Organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon are called:
a) hydrocarbons. b) carbonic hydrides. c) hydroxyls. d) carbohydrates. e) fats. |
A hydrocarbons.
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The placebo effect:
a) is the frequently observed, poorly understood, phenomenon that people tend to respond favorably to any treatment. b) reveals that sugar pills are generally as effective as actual medications in fighting illness. c) reveals that experimental treatments cannot be proven as effective. d) demonstrates that most scientific studies cannot be replicated. e) is when the control group is isolated from other people. |
A is the frequently observed, poorly understood, phenomenon that people tend to respond favorably to any treatment.
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The Golgi apparatus:
a) synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules. b) processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules. c) harvests energy for cellular functions. d) performs photosynthesis. e) modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism. |
B processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules.
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The largest structure in a eukaryotic cell is the ____________ and is surrounded by ______ membranes.
a) nucleus; one b) mitochondrion; two c) golgi apparatus; one d) endoplasmic retilulum; three e) nucleus; two |
E nucleus; two
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A relationship that has been established based on a large amount of observational and experimental data is:
a) a theory. b) a conjecture. c) a fact. d) an assumption. e) a hypothesis. |
A a theory.
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A ______ forms when two atoms share electrons:
Choose one answer. a. ion b.covalent bond c.hydrogen bond d.ionic bond |
b.covalent bond
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Based on your knowledge of the chemical composition of humans, your body would contain the smallest amount of:
Choose one answer. a.potassium c.oxygen b.carbon d.hydrogen |
c.oxygen
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In the chemical shorthand 14C, the fourteen represents the number of:
a.excess neutrons c.electrons. b.protons plus neutrons. d.protons plus electrons. |
b.protons plus neutrons.
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Lead atoms contain more electrons, neutrons, and protons than gold atoms. To change lead into gold, a scientist might try to remove a certain number of ____________ because these particles are the ones that definitively determine the identity of an atom.
Choose one answer. a.neutrons b.electrons c.protons d.all of these e.none of these |
c.protons
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The compound magnesium chloride (MgCl2) turns into Mg++ and Cl- when placed in water. You can guess the Mg and Cl atoms are held together normally by a ________________ bond.
Choose one answer. a.hydrogen b.ionic c.polar colvelent d.nonpolar covalent |
b.ionic
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Water molecules stick together because:
a.water molecules are neutrally charged and neutrals attract b.hydrogen bonds form between the slightly charged H atoms of one water molecule and the slightly charged O atoms of another water molecule c.ionic bonds hold them together d.covalent bonds hold them together |
b. hydrogen bonds form between the slightly charged H atoms of one water molecule and the slightly charged O atoms of another water molecule
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What is the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?
a.covalent bonds are the sharing of electrons while ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another b.covalent bonds are the sharing of electrons while ionic bonds are the sharing of protons c.covalent bonds involve the attraction between slightly charged molecules while ionic bonds involve the attraction between two fully charged ions d.none of the above are correct statements |
a.covalent bonds are the sharing of electrons while ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another
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Which of the following situations would cause the smallest change in pH?
a.addition of a strong base to the solution b.addition of a weak base to the solution c.addition of a strong acid to the solution d.addition of a weak acid to a solution which contains buffers |
d.addition of a weak acid to a solution which contains buffers
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Radioactive iodine (131I) is commonly used in medical situations for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid conditions. The most common isotope of iodine that is not radioactive is 127I. Chemically , what is different between 131I and 127I and what is the same between them?
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Answer in terms of subatomic particles.
The number of protons is the same. The number of electrons is the same. The number of neutrons will be different. There are 4 more neutrons in 131I. |
