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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy |
The study of the structure of the body - scientific names composition location and associated structures |
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Physiology |
Studies the function of each structure individually and in combination with other structures |
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Levels of structural organization |
Chemical level cellular level tissue level organ level system level Organismal level |
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11 major organ systems that make up the body |
1. Intergumentary 2. skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Endocrine 5. Cardiovascular 6. Lymphatic 7. Respiratory 8. Digestive 9. urinary 10.Reproductive 11. Nervous |
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Intergumentary system |
Skin, nails, hair |
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Skeletal system |
Bones and joints and cartilage |
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Muscular system |
Refers to skeletal muscle tissue that is usually attached to bones |
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Nervous system |
Brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs such as eyes and ears |
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Endocrine system |
All glands and tissues that produce chemical regulators of body functions called hormones |
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Cardiovascular system |
Blood, heart and blood vessels
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What do blood components help defend against |
Disease and mending damaged blood vessels |
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Lymphatic system and immunities |
Lymphatic fluid and lymphatic vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses such as B cells T cells and others that protect against disease causing microbes |
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Lymlahtic system function |
to return proteins and fluid to blood carries lipids from Gastrointestinal track to blood - contains site of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells |
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Function of endocrine system |
regulate body activity through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs |
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Function of Cardiovascular system |
- heart pumps blood through the blood vessels blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide waste away from cells - helps regulate acidity temperature and water content of body fluids. - Blood components help defend against diease and mend damaged blood vessels |
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Function of intergummentary system |
- regulate body temperature pprovide a protective waterproof barrier - eliminate some waste - helps make vitamin D - detect sensations such as touch pressure pain warmth cold - stores fat and provides insulation |
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Function of a skeletal system |
- Supports and protects the body - provide a specific area for muscle attachment - assist with body movements - stores cells that produce blood cells - stores minerals and fats |
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Function of muscular system |
participate in body's movements such as walking, Maintaining posture and produces heat |
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Function of nervous system |
functions to regulate body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the environment interpreting the changes and responding to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretions |
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Respiratory system 5 components |
Lungs pharynx Larynx trachea bronchial tubes |
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Function of the respiratory system |
Transfers oxygen in from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air. Helps regulate acidity of bodily fluids air flowing out of lungs Through vocal cords produces sounds |
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Digestive system |
Organs of gastrointestinal track including : mouth, pharanx, aesophagus, stomach small and large intestines rectum anus Also includes accessory digestive organs that assistant digestive process such as: salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
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Function of the digestive system |
Physical and chemical breakdown of food. Absorbs nutrients. Eliminates solid wastes. |
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Urinary system |
Kidneys Ureters urinary bladder Urethra |
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Gonads |
Testes in male, ovaries in female |
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Reproductive systems |
Gonads (testes, ovaries) and associated organs : uterine (fallopian) tubes uterus vagina epididymis ductus deferens penis Mammoryglands in females |
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Anatomical position |
Refer to an individual in standard anatomical position : standing erect head level eyes forward arms at sides palms facing forward feet together |
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Supine |
Palms face forward and radius and ulna are parallel |
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Prone |
Palms face backwards and radius and ulna are crossed |
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Directional terms |
-Helps to locate Parts of the body structure Superior inferior anterior posterior medial lateral proximal distal superficial deep |
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Major body regions |
Head (cephalic) , neck ( cervical), trunk, upper limb, lower limb |
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Cepahlic region |
Includes areas of the skull and face |
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Cervical region |
Includes areas from the neck |
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Trunk |
chest abdomen pelvis |
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Upper limb |
Attached to trunk: shoulder arm pit arm forearm wrist hand |
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Lower limbs |
Attach to trunk: buttocks thigh leg ankle foot groin |
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Superior |
Toward the head or upper part of a structure |
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Inferior |
Away from the head or the lower part of a structure |
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Anterior |
Nearer to or at the front of the body |
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Post earier |
Nearer to or at the back of the body |
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Medial |
Nearer to the midline and imaginary for the coal line that divides the body and to equal right and left sides |
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Lateral |
Farther from the midline or mid sagittal plane |
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Intermediate |
Between 2 structures |
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Ipsilateral |
On the same side of the body as another structure. Gallbladder and ascednding colon are ipsilateral |
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Contralateral |
On the opposit side of the body from another structure example the ascending and descending Colons are contralateral |
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Distal |
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk farther from the point of origin or the beginning |
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Superficial |
Toward or on the surface of the body |
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Proximal |
Near to the attachment of a limb to the trunk near to the point of origin or the beginning |
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Deep |
Away from the surface of the body |
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Plane an 4 types |
Imaginary flat surfaces that passed through body parts such as : sagittal frontal transverse oblique |
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Sagittal plane |
Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides. |
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Mid sagittal plane |
passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal right and left sides |
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Para sagittal |
Divides the body or organ into an equal right and left sides |
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Frontal plane |
Divides the body or organ into anterior front and post terior back positions |
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Transverse plane |
Divides the body into superior upper and inferior lower portions |
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Oblique plane |
Passes through the body or Organ and an angle between the transverse plane and sagittal plane or between the transfers plane and the frontal plane |
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Carpel tunnel syndrome |
Occurs in the wrist |
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Body cavities |
Spaces in the body that protect support and permit movement of internal organs |
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What are the Two main body cavities called? |
Dorsal and ventral |
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What does the dorsal body cavity contain |
Cranial and vertebral cavity |
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Cranial cavity |
Located in the dorsal body cavity - formed by the skull and contains the brain |
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Vertebral cavity |
Part of the dorsal body cavity - formed by the vertebral column and contains a spinal cord |
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Ventral body cavity |
Divided by the diaphragm muscle into 2 parts: Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity |
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Thoracic cavity |
Formed by the ribs, chest muscles, sternum and vertebral column. - the mediastinem is the central portion of the Thoracic cavity between the lungs it extends from the sternum to the vertebral column 1st rib to the diaphragm. |
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Mediastinum |
-Central portion of the thoracic cavity -Extends from the sternum to the vertebral column -Contains the heart, esophagus, trachea and several large blood vessels |
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Abdominopelvic cavity |
Part of the ventral body cavity (inderior) Abdominal cavity: Liver, stomach spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys,ureters and most of the intestines pelvic cavity: urethra, internal reproductive organs, bladder, rectum |
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9 Regions of the abdominenopelvic cavity |
Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region left hypochondriac region right lumbar region umbilical region left lumbar region right inguinal region hypogastric region left inguinal region |
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Viscera |
Organs within the ventral cavity |
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What does the Thoracic cavity contain? |
Lungs Heart Mediasteinum |
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Pericardial cavity |
Oart of the thoracic cavity. Contains the heart |
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Mediasteinum |
Devides the rhoracic cavity. It seorates the lungs anatomically. Allows lungs to function if one is punctured. |
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Abdominal cavity |
Liver stomach spleen gallbladder pancreas kidney ureter is and most intestines |
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Purpose for the 9 regions of the abdominal pelvic cavity |
Used by clinicians describe the location of pain a mass or an abnormality |
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Atom |
Smallest part of a substance Consists of protons, neutrons, electrons |
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Nucleus |
Center of the atom that contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. |
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Why is the neutron positively charged? |
Because each proton has one positive charge |
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Electrons |
- Tiny negatively charged particles that move around the yhe large dolce surrounding the nucleus. - 1/800th the mass of either protons or neutrons |
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Protons |
Have a positive charge. Have a Value of +1. |
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Shell model |
Useful in predicting the chemical properties of an element. The first electron shell can have two elecrons the second electron shell can have a max of 8 and the third 18 electrons |
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What is the smallest element? |
Hydrogen |
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Chemical Element |
Substances that cannot be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical means there are a 118 recognized elements |
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Chemical symbol |
1 or 2 letters of the element's name in English Latin or another language |
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How many elements are present normally in the human body? |
26 |
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What are the four major elements that make up 96% of the body's mass? |
Oxygen carbon hydrogen and nitrogen |
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Valence electrons |
Important for forming chemical bonds. |
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Chemical bonds |
Forces that bind the Atoms of molecules and compounds together resisting their separation |
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Valence shell |
The number of electrons in the atoms most outer shell. Atoms with 8 electrons in the outermost shell are stable. |
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3 types of Chemical bonds |
Ionic covalent hydrogen |
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Atomic weight |
Number if protons in the nucleus of an atom which determines the chemical properties of an element |
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What makes up most of the mass of an atom? |
Nucleus |
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Atomic number |
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom which determines the chemical properties of an element |
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What does the number of valence electrons in an atoms shell determine? |
The Atoms particular chemical properties and how it combines with other elements and in what number |
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How does the periodic table arrange elements? |
They are arranged according to their atomic number and valence electrons |
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Molecules |
When atoms of elements chemically bond together together they form molecules. Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine |
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Compounds |
- Molecules with different elements - is a Substance containing atoms of 2 or more different elements |
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What is an Atom composed of? |
A nucleus and one or more Electron |
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What Is the valency of an element? |
Determined by the number of electrons in the atoms outermost shell |
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What determines the chemical properties of an element? |
Valence electrons |
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How do Atom's bond? |
Covalent and ionic bonds. |
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Covalent bonds |
Sharing of electrons between atoms - A molecule containing a mixture of elements |
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Ionic bonds |
The transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
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chemical level (body system) |
Atoms and molecules |
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What does the cellular level include? |
Cells - the basic structural and functional units of an organism |
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What does the tissue level level include? |
Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function. |
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What are the four types if tissue? |
Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous |
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organ level |
- Usually a recognizable shape and are composed if two or more types of tissues - different kinds of tissue join together to gorm body structures. |
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System level |
A system consists of related organs that have a common function. Organs join together to form systems. |
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Organismal level |
- largest level of organization - all of the systems of the bidy combine to make up an organism |
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Polar molecule |
A chemical species in which the distribution of electrons between the the covalently bondem atoms is not even. |
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Organic |
Always contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen and always have covalent bonds |
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Inorganic |
Usually structurally simple and lack carbon |
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Macromolecule |
- very large molecule often made up of numerous smaller similar molecules - "building blocks" or "sub units" - include all categories of organic molecules: DNA,carbohydrates, lipids, proteins nucleic acids |
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What determines the chemical properties of an element? |
The number of protons in the nucleus |
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What is the most common bond in organic chemistry? |
Covalent bonds |
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4 qualities of Water molecules |
- polar - is a compound - attract each other and other polar molecules forming weak hydrogen bonds - Mixes well with other polar or charged molecules (hydrophilic substances) - does not mix well with non polar molecules (oils/fats- hydrophobic substances)
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Hydrophobic sustances |
Hates water- water does not mix well with hydrophobic substances ( fats/oils) |
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Hydrophilic substances |
water mixes well with other polar or charged molecules (ex. Glucose, ethanol and ionic salts.) |
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Where are ionic bonds found mainly in the body? |
Teeth and bones where they give great strength to the tissue |
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Hydrogen bonds |
A Weak bond between 2 molecules resulting from an electrical attraction between a proton in one molecule and electron in another. -Requires molecules to be polar=unequal sharing of electrons. ex. water |
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Cation |
Positively charged ions |
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Anions |
Negatively charged ions |
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The lightest particle of and Atom's main constituents are |
The Electron Carries a negative charge |
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What is the atomic number of oxygen |
Eight |
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Is the atomic number of carbon |
Six |
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What is the atomic number of nitrogen |
Seven |
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What is the atomic weight of hydrogen |
One |
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What is the lightest part of the atom |
Electrons |
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Octet rule |
Adam's prefer to have 8 electron's in their valence shell |
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Hydrolysis |
- Allow dietary nutrients to be absorbed into the body Breakdown of large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules by the addition of water molecules |
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Glycogen |
Stored in the liver How we store a glucose in the body |
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Dehydration synthesis |
Process of joining 2 molecules are compounds together following the removal of water |
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Ion |
Is an atom or molecule with an electric charge positive or negative due to the loss or gain of an electron |
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Salt |
- An ionic compound .ex. NaCl or KCL - In a solution with water salts disassociate releasing ions for ex.NaCl -- Na+ + Cl- |
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4 primary elements = basis of organic molecules: |
Carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen |
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What is the minimum requirement to be called an organic molecule? |
-Must contain carbon -Must have at least hydrogen as a second element Methane is the simplest |
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Carbon |
because of its valency of 4, it can form backbone of all organic macromolecules |
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Oxygen |
-A gas, makes up 21% of atmosphere -Highly reactive, forms chemical bonds with most elements - produced by plants - |
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What transports oxygen in the blood? |
the protein hemoglobin |
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ATP |
Energy in our cells. Requires oxygen. |
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Nitrogen |
- organic element - gas (78% of atmosphere) - essential component of proteins and nucleic acids - is a waste that is toxic to animals. - human body convert it to Urea |
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Hydrogen |
Is a gas - a component if h2o - in all organic molecules - form H+ ions (hydrogen ions) when it loses an electron |
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4 major categories of organic molecules in a living organism |
- Carbohydrates - lipids (fats, oils) - proteins - nucleic acids |
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Carbohydrates |
- organic compounds - include : sugars, cellulose, glycogen, starches cellulose, glycogen, starches cellulose, glycogen, starches - made from elements in a ratio of 1 carbon,2 hydrogen, and 1 oxygen |
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Glucose |
-Monosacharide (carbohydrate) -Hydrophillic - exist as a ring structure |
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Monosaccharide |
- Glucose, galactose, fructose. (Hexoses- 6 carbons) - are building blocks of carbohydrates - Exist as a ring structure - Because of polar OH groups they are usually hydrophillic - source of chemical energy to generate ATP
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Pentoses |
- Monosaccharide with 5 carbons Include ribose and deoxyribose
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Deoxyribose |
Component of rna A nucleic acid A pentose (5 carbons) |
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Ribose |
A component of RNA A nucleic acid A pentose (5 carbons) |
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Nucleic acid |
Ribosome, deoxyribose |
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Disaccharide |
Two monosaccharides covalently bonded Ex. (Monosaccharide) Glucose and fuctose become fructose (disaccharide) |
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Lactose |
Disaccharide - made up of monosaccharides glucose + galactise (milk sugar) |
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Maltose |
- Made up of twi covakently bonded monosaccharide glucose + glucose Sugar in nalt used for beer |
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Polysaccharides |
Complex carbohydrares that cobtain Long chains of monosaccharide covalently bonded. Typically made of glucose Ex. Glycogen, starch, cellulose - not typically soluble in water |
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Glycogen |
A polysaccharide - stored in the liver and skeketal muscles - can be broken down into glucose to provide energy when energy deanabds are high |
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Starches |
Polysaccharide Made up of glucose elements Made mostly by plants We digest starches to glucose as an energy source |
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Cellulose |
Polysaccharide Found in plants - indigestible, provide bulk |
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Name 3 hexose monosaccharides |
Glucose, fructose, galactose |
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Name 2 pentose monosaccharides |
Ribose, deoxyribose |
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Name 3 Disaccharide and state which monosaccharide makes up each |
Maltose = Glucose+glucose Lactose = Glucose + galactose Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose |
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Name 3 polysaccharides |
Glycogen - made of glucose found in liver and skeletsl bones Starches - made of glucose found in plants used in digestion Cellulose made of plant cell walls helps eliminate waste in large intestinr |
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3 major groups of carbohydrates |
Monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharides |
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Three key cell structures: |
Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus |
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4 Plasma membrane functions |
1. Physical barrier 2. Permeability layer 3.communicates between cells 4.provides a place for attachment |
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What are the 3 components of the cell membrane? |
Lipid bilateral Membrabe proteins Glycocalyx |
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Lipid bilayer |
- makes up 45-50% of the membrane - made of phopholipids with a hydrphilic head and hydrophobic tail - contains cholesterol which makes the membrane more flexible |
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Membrane proteins |
- Make up half of the cell membrane - two categories: a)integral b)peripheral |
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Phospholipid |
Molecue . Have a polar hydrophilic head non polar hydrophobic tail |
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Two categories of Membrane proteins |
Make up half if the cell structure - Integral - Peripheral |
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Function if membrane proteins |
- strengthen the membrane - Transport proteins - provide anchor poinys |
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Glycocalyx purpose |
- Described as a sugary coating - Important in identifying your own cells by the immune system - made of carbohydrates carbohydrates |
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What two types of carbohydrates is the glycocayx made up of? |
Glycoproteins Glycolipids |
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What molecules make up the plasma membrane and what are their functions? |
Phospholipids (, carbohydrates (makes membrane flexible) and glycolipds. |
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3 cell structures |
1. Plasma2. Nucleus3. Cytoplasm |
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Describe a cell membrane: |
1. Is a physical barrier2. Is a permeable barrier3. Allows communication between cells4. Provides a place for attachment to anchor it to other cells or proteins. |
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Components of a cell membrane |
Lipid layerMembrane proteinsGlycocalyx |