Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The information content of DNA is in the form of |
Specific sequences of nucleotides |
|
How does inherited DNA lead to specific traits |
Dictating the synthesis of proteins |
|
What is the link between genotype and phenotype |
Proteins |
|
Gene expression |
Process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, includes two stages: transcription and translation |
|
How was the fundamental relationship between genes and proteins discovered? |
George beadle and Edward Tatum exposed bread mold x-rays, creating new tenants that were on able to survive on minimum medium as a result of an ability to synthesize certain molecules |
|
What was the theory that Edward Tatum and George Beadle came up with |
One gene – one enzyme hypothesis |
|
How has the beadle and Tatum theory evolved |
Theory was revised to one gene – one protein, but many proteins are composed of several polypeptides, each of which has its own gene, so the hypothesis is now we stated as one gene – one polypeptide hypothesis |
|
Transcription |
Synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA, transcription produces messenger RNA = mRNA |
|
Translation |
Synthesis of a polypeptide side which occurs under the direction of mRNA at ribosomes |
|
Is mRNA processed before it is transcribed in prokaryotes? |
No it is not processed |
|
Why is this not possible in a eukaryotic cell |
Nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation, ribosomes are not in the nucleus |
|
Why is eukaryotic mRNA processed |
To yield mature mRNA |
|
Primary transcript |
The initial on a transcript from any gene |
|
Central dogma |
DNA to RNA to protein |
|
Triplet code |
A series of non-overlapping, three nucleotide long words that help information flow from gene to protein |
|
Can jeans be transcribed and translated after being transplanted from one species to another creating transgenic organisms |
Yes |
|
What enzyme catalyzes RNA synthesis |
RNA polymerase |
|
RNA polymerase |
Prize the DNA strands apart and hugs together the RNA nucleotides |
|
What base pairing rules does RNA synthesis follow |
C and G, A and U |
|
Where does RNA polymerize attach on the DNA sequence |
At the promoter, And it ends at the terminator |
|
Transcription unit |
The stretch of DNA that is transcribed |
|
Three stages of transcription |
Initiation, elongation, termination |
|
Initiation |
RNA polymerase binding |
|
Elongation |
RNA polymerize attaches to RNA nucleotides according to base pair rule |
|
Can genes be transcribed and translated after being transplanted from one species to another creating transgenic organisms |
Yes |
|
What is the strand of DNA called that is copied during transcription |
Template strand |
|
RNA polymerase |
Prize the DNA strands apart and puts together the RNA nucleotides |
|
Transcription factors |
Mediate the binding of RNA polymerize and the initiation of transcription |
|
Where does RNA polymerase attach on the DNA sequence |
At the promoter, And it ends at the terminator |
|
TATA box |
A promoter that is crucial to forming initiation complex in eukaryotes |
|
RNA processing |
Enzymes in the eukaryotic nucleus modified pre-mRNA before the genetic messages are dispatched to the cytoplasm |
|
Modifications made to each end of pre-mRNA |
The five prime end receives a modified nucleotide five prime cap and the three prime and gets a poly-a tail |
|
What functions do these modifications to share |
Facilitate the export of mRNA, protect mRNA from hydrolytic enzymes, help ribosomes attached to the five prime end |
|
Intron |
Non-coding regions of mRNA |
|
Exon |
Coding regions of mRNA |
|
Transcription factors |
Mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription |
|
The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter is called a |
Transcription initiation complex |
|
Spliceosomes |
Consist of a variety of proteins in several small nuclear ribonucleoprotein‘s that recognize the spice sites |
|
Ribozymes |
Catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA |
|
Three properties of our name enable it to function as an enzyme |
It can form three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base pair with itself, some bases and I are in a contain functional groups, our name a hydrogen bond with other nucleic acid molecules |
|
What allows a single gene to encode for more than one polypeptide |
Depends on which segments are considered intron and which segments are considered exons |
|
What are these variations called |
Alternative RNA splicing |
|
Exon shuffling |
May result in the evolution of new proteins |
|
What does a cell use to translate mRNA into a protein |
Transfer RNA, or tRNA |
|
What is tRNA |
Each carries a specific amino acid on one and and each has an anti-codon on the other and the anti-codon base pairs with a complementary codon on the mRNA |
|
Two steps of accurate translation |
Correct attachment of a tRNA and an amino acid, done by the enzyme aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase, and the correct match between the tRNA anti-codon and the mRNA codon |
|
Three properties of RNA enable it to function as an enzyme |
It can form three-dimensional structure because of its ability to base pair with itself, some bases in RNA contain functional groups, RNA can hydrogen bond with other nucleic acid molecules |
|
Codon |
The mRNA base triplets |
|
What facilitates pacific coupling of tRNA anti-codons and MRNA codon is in protein synthesis |
Ribosomes |
|
Exon shuffling |
May result in the evolution of new proteins |
|
The three binding sites for tRNA on a ribosome |
The P site, A site, and the E site |
|
P site |
Holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain |
|
A site |
Bulge the tRNA that carries the next arrival amino acid to be added to the chain |
|
E site |
Exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome |
|
What facilitates specific coupling of tRNA anti-codons and MRNA codons in protein synthesis |
Ribosomes |
|
What are the two ribosome subunits made of |
One large and one small ribosome subunit, made of proteins and ribosomal RNA or, rRNA |
|
What is the order of the three binding sites on the ribosome |
|
|
Three steps that take place during the elongation stage |
Codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation |
|
Which direction are codons read in |
Five prime to three prime |
|
Three nucleotide bases equal |
One codon which equals one amino acid |
|
How many codons are there |
64, they were all deciphered in the mid-1960s |
|
61 codons code for |
Amino acids |
|
What is the order of the three binding sites on the ribosome |
|
|
Is genetic code redundant |
Yes it is very redundant, codons never specify more than one amino acid, but more than one codons can specify for the same amino acid |
|
The A site excepts a protein called |
Release factor, causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid, this reaction releases the polypeptide and the translation assembly then comes apart |
|
The A site excepts a protein called |
Release factor, causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid, this reaction releases the polypeptide and the translation assembly then comes apart |
|
Polyribosome, or polysome |
Many ribosomes translating a single mRNA simultaneously |
|
Do free ribosomes or bound ribosomes translate |
Free ribosomes |
|
Spontaneous mutations can occur during |
DNA replication, recombination, or repair |
|
Mutagens |
Physical or chemical environmental agents that can cause mutations |
|
In what ways do bacteria and Eukaryotes differ in terms of Translation and transcription |
They differ in their RNA polymerase is, termination of transcription, and ribosomes, bacteria can simultaneously transcribe and translate the same gene, eukaryotes cannot |
|
Gene |
Can be defined as a region of DNA that can be expressed to produce a final functional product, either a polypeptide or an hour and a molecule a gene is a discrete unit of inheritance, a region of specific nucleotide sequence in a chromosome, DNA sequence that codes for a specific polypeptide chain |
|
Mutations |
Genetic changes in a cell or virus |
|
Point mutation |
Chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene |
|
The change in single nucleotide in a DNA template strand can lead to the production of |
And abnormal protein |
|
Two general categories of point mutations |
Substitutions, or insertions/deletions |
|
Base pair of substitution |
Replaces one nucleotide and it’s partner with another pair of nucleotides |
|
Silent mutation |
Has no effect due to the redundancy in genetic code |
|
Missense mutation |
Still code for an amino acid, but not necessarily the right amino acid |
|
In what ways do bacteria and Eukaryotes differ in terms of Translation and transcription |
They differ in their RNA polymerases, termination of transcription, and ribosomes, bacteria can simultaneously transcribe and translate the same gene, eukaryotes cannot |
|
Insertions and deletions |
Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene, These mutations have disasters of fact, they alter the reading frame, producing a frameshift mutation |