Bio Test 4 - Fungi Only

Front 1

An example of fungi mutualistic relationship with plants is _________ and an example of the same relationship with algae or cyanobacteria is _________.

Back 1

mycorrhizae, lichen

Front 2

lichen are a symbiotic association of _______ and _______ or _________. This relationship is ________. The first provides _______ while the second provides _________.

Back 2

fungi, green algae or cyanobacteria, mutualistic

home/anchorage, sugar

Front 3

Lichen are food for ______, ________ and sometimes ________. They are an indicator of _______. They are a source of ______ for ______ and ______. They are a possible source of antibiotic and cancer drugs, ____ has been shown to inhibit ________.

Back 3

reindeer, caribou, native people

air pollution

dye, litmus paper, scottish wool

usnnic avid, G+ bacteria. Sold as USNO, BINAN in Russia and Europe

Front 4

3 forms of lichen:

Back 4

cructose (crust-like), foliose (leaf-like), fruticose (shrub-like)

Front 5

_______ means agents of diseases. Fungi can sometimes be these, ex bats and white-note sydrome.

Back 5

mycoses

Front 6

4 mycoses found in humans:

Back 6

thrush, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, cryptocococis

Front 7

_______ is a ___________ aka ________ of the mouth, but can occur in any warm moist body areas.

________ is primarily a ________ infection and is common among AIDS patients

Back 7

thrush, candidiasis, yeast infection

histoplasmosis, lung infection, AIDS patients

Front 8

_________ is another lung infection found primarily in immunocompromised individuals

_________ aka Valley fever can lead to _________ and ________ and is a defining opportunistic infection for people with AIDS.

Back 8

Aspergillosis

Cryptocococis, pneumonia, meningitis

Front 9

________ is caused by eating food tainted with the ______ fungus, which is found on various grains and nuts and produces toxins similar to LSD.

Back 9

ergotism, clavicep

Front 10

_______ is a superficial infection of fungus on the skin and nail and is also known as: 3

______ is a serious subcutaneous infection of ________ fungus.

Back 10

tinea, ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch

sporotrichosis, sporothrix

Front 11

3 plant diseases caused by fungus:

Back 11

rust, apple scab, smut

Front 12

some fungi are ________ (yeast) and others are _______ (mold).

Back 12

unicellular, multicellular

Front 13

Fungi consist of _______, networks of branched _______ adapted for nutrient absorption.

In some species the hyphae are separated from one another by a cell while called a _______, hyphae not separated are called _____ fungi.

Back 13

mycelia, hypae

septum, coencocytic

Front 14

Some fungi have specialized hyphae adapted to trap and kill prey (Artabytrus) while others have hyphae that penetrate the tissues of their host (mycorrhizae).

Back 14

see other side

Front 15

Mychorrhizae are found in the roots of certain plants and help:

2 types of mycorrhizae: __________, which grows into the _________ of the ________, ex:

and __________, which grows directly into the _________, ex:

Back 15

to supplement plant roots with water and minerals. In return the fungi receives sugar from the plant.

ectomycorrhizal, extracellular spaces of the root cortex. Ex: truffle

endomycorrhizal, which grows into the root cell directly, ex: orchid. This is more common

Front 16

Some fungi produce both sexually and asexually while others produce only sexually.

________ or ________ are fungi with no known sexual stage.

Back 16

deuteromycetes, imperfect fungi

Front 17

_______ is the union of two parent mycelia. In some fungi, the nuclei do not fuse right away. The cell is then called a ________, which means multiple nuclei in a single cell. If there are exactly 2 nuclei, the cell is said to be _________.

Back 17

plasmogamy, heterokaryon, dikaryotic

Front 18

The dikaryotic mycelium gives rise to the reproductive structure called the ____. Specific examples are _______ and ________. Once the mushroom is formed ________ aka ________ occurs.

Back 18

mushroom, basidiocarp, ascocarp

karyogamy, nuclear fusion

Front 19

______ is the fusion of the two nucleuses and produces _____ cells. This diploid phase is short-lived and undergoes meiosis, produces _________, called: 3

Back 19

karyogamy, diploid, haploid spres, basidiospores, zygospores, ascospores

Front 20

7 steps of sexual reproduction in fungi, in order:

Back 20

mycelium, plasmogamy, heterokaryotic, karyogamy, meiosis, spores, germination

Front 21

In asexual reproduction, spores are produced on structures called _______.

Instead of producing spores, _____ reproduce asexually in a process called ________.

Back 21

sporangium

yeasts, budding

Front 22

Fungi descended from an aquatic, single-celled flagellated protist

systematists now recognize fungi and animalia as sister kingdoms

Back 22

see other side

Front 23

5 phylum of fungi:

Back 23

chytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota

Front 24

Chytirds aka _____ are found in _____ and _______ habitats. They can be _______ or _______. They diverged earliest in fungal evolution. They are unique among fungi in having _____ spores, called _____.

Back 24

water molds, fresh water and terrestrials habitats, saprobic or parasitic, flagellated spores called zoospores

Front 25

_______ is a chytrid believed to the cause in a decline of frog populations around the world.

Back 25

B. dendrobatidis

Front 26

Zygomycetes produces sexual spores called _____ on structures called _______ and asexual spores called _________ on _______.

They are ______ aka _______ and are very cold/ heat tolerant, making them responsible for much heat/ food spoilage. _____ and _______ are members of this phylum.

Back 26

zygospores, zygosporangia

sproangiospores, sporangia

coenocytic, aseptate

black bread mold/ rhizopus stoloniger and pilobolus

Front 27

________ reproduce asexually (except 1 species) and form a distinct type of endomycorrhizae called _________. 80% of all vascular plants have this. They help plants obtain ______ and other micronutrients and are believed to play a crucial role in the colonization of land by plants.

Back 27

Glomeromycetes, arbuscilar mycorrhizae, phosphorus

Front 28

_______ produces sexual spores in saclike structures called _____. Many ascus are found lining the fruiting body called ______. Mycelium of this phylum are _____.

Back 28

Ascomycetes (cup fungi), ascus, ascocarp, aseptate

Front 29

Asexual spores of some Ascomycetes are called _______ or _________ and are made on a structure called.

4 ascomycetes:

Back 29

conidia or conidiospires, conidiophore

yeasts, penicillium, truffles, morels

Front 30

________ have ____ mycelium and produce sexual spores called ____ on a club-like structure called a _________. Basidium are located in the gills of the basidiocarp.

Back 30

Basidiomycetes, septate mycelium, basidiospores, basidium,

Front 31

Reproduction in Basidiomycetes is almost exclusively _______, resulting in elaborate dikaryotic fruiting bodies called _______. Karyogamy occurs in the _____ of the mushroom cap. When asexual reproduction occurs, it is through ______. Commonly referred to as ____, they include: 5

Back 31

sexual, basidiocarps, gills, fragmentation, mushrooms, rust, smit, puffballs, shelf fungi

Front 32

3 examples of fungi-animal symbiosis:

Back 32

fungi help break down plant material in guts of cows and other grazers, fungi farmed by leaf-cutter ants as crops, some fungi are predators of nematodes while others are mind-controlling parasites of insects

Front 33

5 fungi characteristics:

Back 33

non-photosynthetic (heterotrophic), most are saprobes (feed on dead organic matter), cell wall made of chitin, possess many different types of digestive enzymes to breakdown organic matter, genetically more similar to animals than plants

Front 34

4 ways fungi are used for food:

Back 34

truffles, morels and mushrooms, yeast to make bread, wine and beer, aspergillus to make sake and soy sauce, penicillium to make blue cheese

Front 35

3 ways fungi are used in medicine:

Back 35

cyclosporin to prevent organ rejection, statin to lower cholesterol, penecillin was first antibiotic discovered