Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
leukocytes |
1. They all have a nucleus 2. They are important in inflammation, host defense and fighting infection 3. They are produced in bone marrow in adult humans 4. They are usually a bit larger than erythrocytes |
|
(T/F) There are 5 different portal systems in humans (Homo sapiens) |
False |
|
In humans, normal venous Po2 is ____ mm Hg and venous Pco2 ____ mm Hg |
40, 46 |
|
Significant ingestion of ethanol inhibits ADH release. Decreased ADH levels would cause the following. |
increase urine volume, diluted urine |
|
What P50 value shows the hemoglobin with the highest oxygen affinity? |
p50= 10 |
|
a majority of___ is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin and the majority of ___ is carried in the blood as bicarbonate ion. |
oxygen, carbon dioxide |
|
a significant drop of increase in blood glucose concentration in a normal human will cause ____ by the pancreas |
an increased release of glucagon |
|
at the ___ end of a muscular capillary, there is usually a net filtration primarily due to the higher ___ at that end of the capillary |
arteriolar, blood pressure |
|
The bile salts are important for |
emulsifying lipids |
|
the atmospheric pressure at an altitude of 10,000 feet is 523 mm Hg. The partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is ___ mm Hg. |
109 |
|
What classes of vertebrates can excrete a concentrated urine? |
birds, mammals |
|
Which of the following hormones is released by the anterior pituitary gland in humans? |
ACTH |
|
(T/F) The pulmonary circulation in mammals is a higher resistance circuit than the systemic circulation. |
false |
|
the way that changes in pH affects the affinity of hemoglobin for o2 is called the Bohr effect. When proton concentration [H+] the affinity for hemoglobin for o2 ___. |
decreases |
|
Coronary blood flow is maximum during ventricular ___. |
diastol |
|
A significant sustained increase in systematic arteriole blood pressure would cause ___. (assume no change in other factors) |
a decrease in ADH release |
|
(T/F) the most efficient type of flow pattern for exchange is cross current flow. |
False
|
|
Iodine is required for the synthesis of the hormone(s) ___ released directly by the thyroid gland. |
T3, T4 |
|
The h2co3/ hco3 buffer system is effective in blood because ___. |
Co2 acts as a volatile acid that can be removed or retained by the lungs. |
|
(T/F) The Chondrichthyes use urea to help balance their ECF osmolarity with sea water. Thus, they have a high level of urea in their ECF. |
True |
|
Layers containing a smooth muscle in a typical section of the mammalian GI tract is called the ___. |
Muscularis |
|
What does the vasa recta do? |
1. acts as a countercurrent exchanger 2. Maintains hypertonic medullary interstitium byremoving water |
|
Excretion in the mammalian kidney equals ___ plus ___ minus. |
filtration, secretion, reabsorption |
|
(T/F) when activated, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate |
true |
|
(T/F) When activated, the sympathetic nervous system increases intestinal motility. |
False |
|
(T/F) When activated, the sympathetic nervous system increases blood pressure |
true |
|
(T/F) When activated, the sympathetic nervous system decreases urine transformation |
True |
|
(T/F) When activated, the sympathetic nervous system increases cardiac output. |
True |
|
The T wave of an ECG depicts ___. |
Ventricular repolarization |
|
When Aldosterone is present ___ and water reabsorption by the kidney ___ |
sodium, increases |
|
(T/F) The Mitral and aortic valves are innervated by the systemic nervous system and open and close because of these nerves. |
false |
|
Decreasing systemic arteriolar radius will ___ average blood pressure. Assume all other variables remain constant. |
increase |
|
Cardiac output is equal to ___ times ___. |
heart rate, stroke volume |
|
Edema (fluid accumulation in the interstitial space) can occur when ___. |
1. capillary filtration greatly exceeds capillary re-absorption 2.the lymphatic ducts are blocked |
|
Carbon dioxide is ___ soluble than oxygen in water and diffuses ___ than oxygen |
more, slower |
|
during inspiration, intrapleural pressure ___ in humans. |
decreases |
|
Rodents, lagomorphs and other non-ruminant herbivores digest cellulose in a special GI structure called the ___. |
cecum |
|
(T/F) one of the common treatments for mild hypertension is the use of a diuretitic (a class of drug) which increases urine output and reduces blood volume. |
True |
|
The osmolarity of a 0.90% solution of CaCl2 (MW= 111) is ___. |
243.0 Mosm |
|
About 60-70% of renal tubular reabsorption occurs in the ___. |
Proximal convoluted tubule |
|
If a patient has a tumor in their thyroid glands that coninuously secrets excess thyroid hormone, What would you expect? |
1. Decreased TSH and TRH plasma levels |
|
the loop of henle is important in generating a ___ by acting as a ___ |
Hypertonic medullary interstitium, countercurrent multiplier |
|
Although the kidneys weight about 0.4% of total body mass, they receive 20% of each cardiac output. This high blood flow, in part is used to supply the oxygen demands of the kidneys. The o2 consumption in renal tissue is used to generate large amounts of ATP. What is the main renal process that requires so much ATP? |
Tubular reabsorption |
|
The pancreas in humans secretes ___ into the intestine via the pancreatic duct. |
1. enzymes to digest proteins, carbohydrates and lipids 2. bicarbonate to neutralize acid from the stomach |
|
injection of the drug which causes arteriolar vaso constriction directly triggers an initial increase in blood pressure. What will be the reflex response (Driven by the baro receptors) of the cardiovascular system? |
There will be an increase in heart rate??? there will be an increase in stroke volume??? |
|
(T/F) Increase in the ECF concentration of K would cause depolarization of cardiac muscle cells plasma membranes and could end up stopping cardiac action potentials. |
True |
|
Hemorrhage or blood loss leads to hypovalimia (low blood volume). A sudden hypovalimia would directly cause |
1. decreased cardiac output 2. Decreased blood pressure |
|
Peptide hormones, such as arginine- vasopressin and oxytosin bind to |
cell surface receptors |
|
In the Heart, the aortic valve closes because |
Aortic pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure |
|
a sustained decrease in BP would elicit what reflex responses |
1. increased angiotension II concentration in the blood 2. increased aldosterone concentration in the blood 3. increase ADH concentration in the blood 4. arteolar vasoconstriction |
|
The maximum amount of air that a normal individual can voluntarily move in or out by breathing is called the ____. |
vital capacity |
|
water moves between carious fluid compartments because of ___. |
osmotic gradient |
|
An individual ingests an overdose which, at least initially, causes an increase in ventilation. Assuming the drug is working directly on the peripheral chemoreceptors, the drug is most likely ___. |
an acid |
|
endocrine |
secreted into the blood |
|
paracrine |
local secretion |
|
Autocrine |
secreted by the same cell type |
|
2 types of hormones |
hydrophylic (polar), lipophylic (nonpolar) |
|
anterior pituitary glands |
ACTH, FSH, GH, Prolactin, MSH, TSH |
|
Posterior pituitary glands |
ADH (Vasopressin), Oxytocin |
|
Diabetes Mellitus |
increase urine, increase glucose (increase in urine), lack of insulin |
|
Diabetes Insipidus |
Lack of ADH (from post. pituitary, works on kidneys) |
|
circulatory system in unicellular organisms |
O2, nutrients, waste exchange by diffusion |
|
Circulatory system in organisms |
Need to move stuff to & from each cell by convection, such as hydraulic pressure |
|
Major function of the circulatory system |
transport |
|
Vertebrate circulation system functions |
transportation (Gas exchange, nutritive, excetory), regulation (hormone transport, temp. reg.), Protective (hemostatis, inflammation, immune resp.) |
|
hemostasis |
prevention of blood loss |
|
types of flow |
concurrent, countercurrent, cross current |
|
Hematocrit |
volume of RBC/ total volume |
|
Plasma |
-liquid portion of the blood - 55% by volume in mammals -contains -h2o -salts/electrolytes -glucose -metabolites/ lactate |
|
coagulation |
formation of a clot |
|
platelet active drugs (anti platelet) |
aspirin, clopidogrel (plavix), GPIIbIIa (Fibrinogen Receptor Inhibitors) |
|
anti- coagulant drugs (prevents clot) |
Heparin, Warfarin, Thrombin Inhibitors |
|
Blood pressure= |
Cardiac Output *vascular Resistance |
|
there must be a ___ for flow to occur |
pressure difference |
|
mammalian and bird circulations |
4 chambered hear 2 circulations in series |
|
P wave |
atrial depolarization |
|
QRS |
ventricular depolarization |
|
What is the regulated and defended variable in the cardiovascular system? |
Baroreceptors |
|
Parasympathetic CNS |
cranial- saccaral, efferent pathway |
|
sympathtic CNS |
thoracic- lumbar, efferent pathway |
|
Cardiac output= |
SV*HR |
|
Vascular resistance= |
8nl/(pi)r^4 |
|
diastole |
relaxation |
|
systole |
contraction |
|
Fick's law |
Diffusion rate (mL/min)- DA(Delta P/D) D-diffusion constant A- area for diffusion Delta P- pressure diff d- distance for diffusion |
|
Henry's Law |
Inc temp means dec. amount of gas dissolved |
|
Patm= |
760 mm Hg |
|
Po2 |
160 mm Hg |
|
Po2 @ mitochondria= |
10 mm Hg |
|
Ventilation |
Bulk flow- convection |
|
Gas exchange |
Diffusion |
|
Henry's Coefficient |
0.003mLO2/100 ml Blood/ mm Hg |
|
Renal excretion equation |
E= (F+S)-R E- Renal Excretion F- Glomular Filtration S- Tubular Secretion R- tubular Reabsorption |
|
3 mechanisms of urine formation |
1. Glomular Filtration 2. Tubular Reabsorption 3. Tubular Secretion |
|
Vasa Recta |
Countercurrent exchanger which carries away excess water
|
|
+ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone) |
Opens Aquaporin (Channels) for H2O |
|
-ADH |
Channels closed Dec. H2O reabsorption inc. urine Production |
|
kangaroo rat is adorable, it even jumps! |
|
|
Aldosterone |
steroid hormone secreted by adrenal cortex- cause distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb sodium |
|
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) AKA Vasopressin |
secreted from the posterior pituitary causes water to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct into the medullary interstitium |
|
endocrine function |
HCO3- secretion enzyme secretion |
|
#50 is going to be |
Extra long loop of Henle |
|
9 essential amino acids |
1. isoleucine 2. leucine 3. lysine 4. methionine 5. phenylalanine 6. tryptophan 7. threonine 8. valine 9. histidine |
|
essential fatty acids |
1. Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) (An omega 3 fatty acid) 18:3 2. linoleic Acid (an omega- 6 Fatty Acid) 18:2 |
|
Minerals |
Fe H Zn H Selenium |
|
3 primary "Germ Layers" form at gastrulation |
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm |
|
hCG |
human chorionic Gonadotrophin (PRegnancy test) |
|
Homeotic genes determine___ in a developing embryo |
anterior- posterior dorsal- ventral |
|
Apoptosis |
programmed cell death also important in host defense |
|
Necrosis |
the other cell death |