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511 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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abiotic
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nonliving
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absorption
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the process by which water and dissolved substances pas through a membrane
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acethycholine
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a transmitter substance released form the axons of nerve cells at the synapse
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active immunity
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protective immunity to a disease
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adaption
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a change that enables an organism to adjust to its enviornment
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adaptive radiation
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the production of a number of different species from a common ancestor
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ADP
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energy storage molecule with 2 phosphates
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ADH
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hormone that regulates water conservation
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adipose
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fatty tissue
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adrenal cortex
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outer part of the adrenal gland that secrets cortisone and aldosterone
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adrenal medulla
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inner part of the adrenal gland that secretes adrenalin
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Adrenaline
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increases HR- flight or flght
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ACTH
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stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce its hormones, found in the anterior pit.
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aerobe
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needs xygen to live
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aerobis
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requiring free oxygen from the atmosphere for normal activity
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aldosterone
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hormone active in osmoregulation
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alimentary canal
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organ centrally involved in the human digestive system
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allatois
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embryonic membrane of birds
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allele
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different form of a gene
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alternation of generations
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description of a plants life cycle
diploid-asexual-sporophyte haploid- sexual- gametophyte |
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alveolus
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air sac in the lung, site of respiratory exchange
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amoeboid movement
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movement involving flowing of the cytoplasm
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anaerobe
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an organism that does not require oxygen to respire
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anaerobic
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living or active in the absence of free oxygen
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analogus
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describes structures that have similar structure but different function
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anaphase
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the stage in mitosis and meiosis II that is characterized by the migration of chromatids to the opposite ends of the cells (homologus pairs in meiosis I)
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androgen
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a male sex hormone (testosterone)
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angiosperm
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a flowering plant
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annelida
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segmented worm phylum
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anther
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part of the male reproductive organ (the stamen) the produces and stores pollen
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antibiotic
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an antipathogenic substance
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antibody
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globular proteins produced by tissues to destroy antigens
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antigen
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a foreign protein that stimulates the production of antibodies
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aorta
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largest artery; carries blood from the left ventricle
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aortic arch
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blood vessel between the ascending and descending aorta
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appendage
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a structure that extends from the trunk of an organism and is capable of active movement
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aqueous humor
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fluid in the eye, btw cornea and lens
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Arachnida
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spiders, mites, ticks, etc
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artery
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blood vessel that caries blood away from the heart
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Arthropoda
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jointed-leg invertebrates
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asexual reproduction
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the production of daughter cells by means other that sexual union of gametes (budding and binary fission)
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assimilation
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conversion of digested foods and other materials into forms usable by the body
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assortative mating
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the type of mating that occurs when an organism selects a mating partner that resembles itself
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atrium
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thin walled, anterior chamber of the heart
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autolysis
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self digestion occurring in plant and animal tissue
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autonomic nervous system
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part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary muscles
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autosome
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any non-sex chromosome
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autotroph
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utilizes the energy of inorganic material
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auxin
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a plant growth hormone
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axon
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a nerve fiber
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bacillus
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bacteria that are rod shaped
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bacteriophage
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a type of virus that can destroy bacteria
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bile
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an emulsifying agent secreted by the liver
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bile salts
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compounds in bile that aid in emulsification
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binary fission
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asexual reproduction
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binomial nomenclature
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the system of naming an organism by its genus and species name
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biome
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a habit zone
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biotic
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living organism
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blastula
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a stage of embryonic development in which the embryo consists of a hollow ball of cells
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Bowmans capsule
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par of the nephron in the kidneys
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bud
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in plants, an area of undifferentiated tissue
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budding
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a process of asexual reproduction in which the offspring grows out of the organism
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buffer
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a substance that prevents chaanges in pH in solutions to which small amts of acids or bases are added
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calorie
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a unit of heat
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calvin cycle (dark cycle)
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cycle in photosynthesis that reduces fixed carbon to carbs through the addition of electrons
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cambium
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undifferentiated tissue in te stem of a plant
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caillary
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a tube one cell thick that carries blood from a vein to an artery
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carapace
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hard outer shell made of chitin
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carbohydrate
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an organix compound to which hydrogen and oxygen ae attached (2:1= H:O)
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carbon cycle
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the recycling of carbon from decaying organisms for use in future generations
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carnivore
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meat eater
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carotene
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an orange plant pigment
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cation
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an ion with a positive charge
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cell wall
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a wall composed to cellulose that is external to the cell membrane
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cell wall plate
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in mitosis of higher plants, formed between the dividing nucleus
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central nervous system (CNS)
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cencompasses the braina dn spinal cord
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centriole
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the small granular body within the centrosome to which spindle fibers attach
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centromere
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the place of attachment of the mitotic fiber to the chromosome
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centrosome
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a structure in animal cells containing centromeres which creates spindle fibers
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cephalic
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pertaining to the head
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cerebellum
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the hindbrain region that controls equilibrium and muscular coordination
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cerebral cortex
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the outer layer of cerebral hemisphere in the forebrain
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cerebrial hemisphere
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one of the paired, lateral divisions of the forebrain
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cerebrum
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largest potion of the brain; center of intelligence, conscious thought, and sensation
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chemosynthesis
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carbs are formed through chemical energy
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chemotropism
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the orientation of cels to chemical stimuli
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chitin
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a substance that forms the outer part of the outer integument of insects, or things with exoskeletons
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chlorophyll
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a green pigment that preforms light trapping during photosynthesis
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chloroplast
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a plastid containing chlorophyll
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Chordata
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an animal phylum that have a dorsal nerve cord
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chorio
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the outermost, extra-embryonic membrane of reptiles and birds
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chromatids
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one of the two strands that constitute a chromosome
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chromatin
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a nuclear protein of chromosomes that stains readily
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chromosome
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a short, stubby rod consisting of chromatin that is found in the ucleus of cells
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chyme
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partially digested food in the stomach
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circadian rhythm
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daily cycles of behavior
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cleavage
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the division in animal cell cytoplasm caused by the pinching in of the cell membrane
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climax community
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the stable, biotic part of the ecosystem in which populations exist in blanace with each other
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clotting
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the coagulation of blood caused by the rupture of platelets
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cloaca
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the chamber in the alimentary canal of certain vertebrates located below the large intestine
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cochlea
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the sensory organ of the inner ear of mammals
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codominant
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in state in which two genetic traits are fully expressed and neither dominates
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coelom
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the space between the mesodermal layers that forms the body cavity of some animal phylia
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coenzyme
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an organic factor required for enzyme activity
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colon
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the large intestine
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commensal
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describes an organ that lives symbiotically with a host; the host neither benefits or is harmed
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conditioning
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the association of a physical, visceral response with an environmental stimuli
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cone
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a cell in the retina that is sensative to color and is responsible for color vision
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consumer
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organism that consumes food from outside it self
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contractile vacuole
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a specialized structure that controls osmotic pressure by removing water from the cell
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cornea
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the outer, transparent layer of the eye
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corpus callosum
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a tract of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain
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corpus luteum
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a remnant of follicle after ovulation that secretes pregesterone
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cortex
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in plants, the tissue between the epidermis and the vascular cylinder in the root
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cortisone
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hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex
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cotyledon
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a "seed leaf"
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cretinism
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a thyroid deficiency that results in stunted growth and feeblemindedness
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crossing over
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the exchange of parts of a homologues chromosome during meiosis
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cross-pollination
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the pollination of a pistil of one flower with the pollen from the stamen from a different flower
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crustacea
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crustaceans
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cuticle
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a waxy protective layer secreted by the outer surface of a plant
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cytochrome
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a hydrogen carrier containing iron that functions in many cellular prcesses
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cytokinesis
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process by which the cytoplasm and the organelles of a cell divide
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cyton
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the cell body of a neuron
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cytoplasm
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the living matter of a cell
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cytoskeleton
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the organelle that provides mechanical support and carries out motility function for the cell
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cytosine
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a nitrogen base that bonds with guanine
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deamination
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the removal of an amino group from an organism
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deletion
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the loss of part or all of a chromosome
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deme
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a small, local population
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dendrite
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the part of the neuron that transmits impulses to the cell body
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deoxyrobse
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a five carbon sugar that is the maine component of DNA
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diastole
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the passive, rhythmical expansion or dialation of the cavities of the heart
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dicotyledon
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a plant that has two seed leaves or cotlyedons
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diencephalon
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the hind protion of the forebrain
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differentiation
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a progressive change from which a permanently more mature or advanced state results
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diffusion
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the movement of particles from one place to another
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digestion
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the process of breaking down large organic molecules into smaller ones
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dihybrid
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an organism that is heterozygous for two different traits
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dimorphism
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the instance of polymorphism in which there is a difference of form between two members of teh species
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diploid
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describes cells that have a double set of chromosomes in homologous pairs (2n)
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disaccharide
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a sugar composed of two monosaccharides
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disjunction
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the separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes following meitic synapses
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid; found in the cells nucleus; contains coded, genetic information
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dominance
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a dominant allele suppresses the expression of the other member of an allele pair when both members are present
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dorsal root
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the sensory branch of each spinal nerve
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duodenum
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the most anterior portion of the small intestine
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ecological succession
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the orderly process by which one biotic community replaces another one
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ecology
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the study of organisms in relation to their environment
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ectoderm
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the outermost embryonic germ layer that GIVES RISE TO THE EPIDERMIS AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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egg (ovum)
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a female gamete
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electron transport chain
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a complex carrier mechanism located on the inside of an inner mitochondrial membrane of a cell
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embolus
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a clot formed within a blood vessel
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emulsion
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a collodial system involving the dispersion of a liquid within a liquid
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endemic
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pertaining to a restricted locality
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endocrine gland
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a ductless gland that sercetes hormones directly into the blood stream
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endocytosis
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a process by which the cell membrane is invaginated to form a vesicle which contains extracellular medium
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endoderm
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the innermost embryonic layer that gives rise to the LINING OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL AND TO THE DIGESTIVE AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS
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endoplasmic reticulum
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a netowrk of membrane enclosed spaces connected with the nuclear membrane; transports materials through the cell; can be rough or smooth
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enzyme
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an organic catalyst and protein
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endoplasm
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the inner portion of the cytoplasm of a cell
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endosperm
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the triploid tissue in some seeds that contained stored food and is formed by the union of one sperm nucleus with two nuclei of the females gametophyte
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epidermis
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outer most layer of an organism
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epididymis
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the coiled part of the sperm duct adj. to the testes
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epiglottis
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in mammals, a flap of tissue above the glottis; covers the trachea while breathing and the esophagus while breathing
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epicotyl
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the portion of a seed plant embryo above the cotyledon
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epiphyte
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a plant that lives on another plant commensalistically
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epithelium
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the cellular layer that covers external and internal surfaces
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erythrocyte
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red blood cells
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esophagus
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the portion of the alimentary canal connecting the stomach and the pharynx
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estrogen
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female sex hormone
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ethanol fermentation
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a form of anaerobis respiration found in yeast and bacteria
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ethylene
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a hormen that ripes fruit and induces aging
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eukaryote
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multicellular organism
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Eustachian tube
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air duct from the middle ear to the throat that equalizes external and internal air pressure
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excretion
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the elimination of metabolic waste
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exocrine
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pertaining to a type of gland that releases its secretion throug a duct
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exocytosis
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a process by which the vesicle in the cell fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside
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exoskeleton
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describes arthropods and other animals whose skeletons are outside their skin
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eye
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a sensory organ capable of detecting light
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F1
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the first filial generation (first offspring)
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F2
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the second filial generation
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fallopian tube
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the mammalian oviduct that leads from the ovaries to the uterus
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feedback mechanism
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the process by which a certain function is regulated by the amount of the substance it produces
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femur
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the thigh bone
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fermentation
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anaerobis respiration that yeilds 2 molecules of ATP, lactic acid, ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, or some similar compound via the glycolytic pathway
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fertilization
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the fusion of sperm and egg
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fibrin
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protein threads that form in the blood during blood clotting
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fibringen
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blood protein that is transformed to fibrin upon clotting
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fitness
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ability of an organism to contribute its alleles and therefore its phenotypic traits to future generations
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flagellate
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an organism that possesses one o more whiplike appendages called flagella
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flagellum
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a microscopic, whiplike filament that serves as a locomotor structure in flagellate cells
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follicle
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the sac in the ovary in which the egg develops
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food vacuole
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a vacuole in the cytoplasm in which digestion takes place
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frame shift mutation
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a mutation involving the addition or loss of nucleotides
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fruit
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a mature ovary
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FSH
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an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the follicles in females and the function of the seminiferous tubules in males
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functional group
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chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that give compounds their functionality
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gall bladder
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an organ taht stores bile
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gamete
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a sex or reproductive cell that must fuse with another of the opposite type to form a zygote
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gametophyte
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the haploid, sexual stage in the life cycle of plants
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ganglion
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a grouping of neuron cell bodies that acts as a coordinating center
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gastrula
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a stage of embryonic development characterized by the differntiation of the cells into the ectoderm an endoderm germ layers and by the formation of the archenteron; can be either two or three layered
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gene
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the portion of a DNA molecule that serves as unit of heredity; found on the chromosome
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gene frequency
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a decimal fraction that represents the presence of an allele for all members of a population that have a particular gene locus
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genetic code
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a four-letter code made up of the nitrogen bases A, T, C, and G; each chromosome is made up of thousands of these bases
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genetic drift
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random evolutionary change in the genetic makeup of a (usually small) population
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genotype
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the genetic makeup of an organism with out reguard to its physical appearance
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genus
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in taxonomy, a classification between species and family; a group of very closley related species
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geographical barriers
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any physical feature that prevents the ecological niches of different organisms from overlapping
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geotropism
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any movement or growth of a living organism in response to the force of gravity
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germ cell
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a reproductive cell
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germ layer
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one of the primary tissues of the embryo layers
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gibberellin
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a hormone that stimulates plant stem elongation
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gill silt
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a preforation leading from the pharynx to the outside environment
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glomerulus
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a network of capillaries in the Bowman's capsule of the kidneys
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glottis
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in mammals, the slit-like opening formed by the vocal folds in thelarynx
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glycogen
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a starch form in animals; glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver
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glycolysis
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the anaerobic respiration of carbs
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goiter
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an enlargement on the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine
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golgi body
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membranous organelles involved in the storage and modification of secratory products
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gonads
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the reproductive organs the produce sex cells
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Graffian follicle
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the cavity in the mammalian ovary in which the egg ripens
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granum
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the smallest particle that is capable of carrying out photosynthesis
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gray matter
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a portion of the CNS consisting of cytons, their dendrites, and synaptic connection
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guanine
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a nitrogen base that links with cytosine
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guard cell
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one of a pair of kidney-shaped cells that surround a stomate and regulate the size of the stomate in a leaf
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gymnosperm
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a plant that belongs to the class of seed plants in which th seeds are not enclosed in an ovary; includes conifers
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haploid
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describes cells that have half the chromosome number typical species (n chromosome number)
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hemoglobin
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a protein compound containing iron that is found in red blood cels; gives RBC's their capacity to carry oxygen
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hepatic portal system
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the veins that carry blood from the digestive organs to the liver
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herbivore
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plant-eater
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hermaphrodite
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an organism possessing both male and female organisms
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heterotroph
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an organism that must get its inorganic and organic raw materials from the enviornment; a consumer
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heterozygous
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describes an individual that possesses two contrasting alleles for a given trait (Tt)
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homeotherm
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an animal with a constant body temp
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homologous
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describes two or more structures that have similar forms, positions, and origins despite the differences between their current functions; ex= arm of a human, flipper of a dolphin, and the foreleg of the horse
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homozygous
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describes an individual what has the same gene for the same trait on each homologous chromosome (TT or tt)
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hormone
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a chemical messenger that is secreted by one part of the body and carried by the blood to affect another part of the body
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Host
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any organism that is the victim of a parasite
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humerus
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bone of the upper arm
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hybrid
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an offspring that is heterozygous for one or more gene pairs
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hydrostatic skeleton
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fluid skeleton of annelids
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hyperthyroidism
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an over secretion of thyrods that leads to high metabolism and a goiter
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hypertonic
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describes a fluid that his a higher osmotic pressure that another fluid it is compared to; it exerts greater osmotic pull than the fluid on the otherside of a semipermeable membrane; hence it possesses a greater concentration of particles, and acquires water during osmosis
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hypocotyl
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the portion of the embryonic seed plant below the point of attachment of teh cotyledon; forms the root
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hypothalamus
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a section of the posterior forebrain assoicated with the pituitary gland
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hypotonic
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describes a fluid that has a lower osmotic pressure than a fluid it is compared to; it exerts lesser osmotic pull than the fluid on the other side of a semipermeable membrane; hence, it possess a lesser concentration of particles, and loses water during osmosis
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ilium
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the dorsal part of the hip girle
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immunity
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a resistance to disease developed through the immune system
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imprinting
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the process by which environmental patterns or objects presented to a developing organism during a "critical period" of its growth is accepting as a permanent element of behavior
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incomplete dominance
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genetic blending; each allele exerts some influence on the phenotype
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independent assortment
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the law by which genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently of each other
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ingestion
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the intake of food from the environment into the alimentary canal
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inner ear
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a fluid-filled sensory apparatus that aids in balance and hearing
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insulin
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a hormone produced by the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; regulates blood sugar concentration by converting glucose to glycogen (lowers blood sugar)
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integument
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refers to the protective covering,such as a covering of an ovule, that develops into the seed coat, or an animals skin
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interphase
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a metabolic stage between mitosis in whish genetic material s reproduced
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intersititial cells
|
cells which in the female are located between the ovarian follicles, and in the male are located between the seminiferous tubules in the testes; in both cases, these cells produce male sex hormones
|
|
|
inversion
|
occurs when a segment of genetic material on a chromosome is reversed
|
|
|
iris
|
the colored part of the eye that is capable of contracting and regulating the size of pupils
|
|
|
irritability
|
the ability to respond to a stimulus
|
|
|
isolation
|
the separation of some members of a population from the rest of their species
|
|
|
isomer
|
one of a group of compounds that is identical in atomic composition, but different in structure
|
|
|
isotonic
|
describes a fluid that has the same osmotic pressure as a fluid it is compared to; it exerts the same osmotic pull as the fluid on the other side of a semipermeable membrane; hence it neither gains nor loses water during osmosis, and possesses the same concentration of particles before and after osmosis occurs
|
|
|
Krebs Cycle
|
process of aerobic respiration that fully harvests the energy of glucose; also known as the citric acid cycle
|
|
|
lactase
|
the enzyme that acts upon lactase
|
|
|
lacteal
|
a lymph tubule located in the villus that absorbs fatty acids
|
|
|
lactic acid fermentation
|
a type of anaerobic respiration found in fungi, bacteria, and human muscle cells
|
|
|
lara
|
a period in the development of animals between the embryo and adult stages
|
|
|
legume
|
a flowering plant with simple dry fruit, characterized by nodes on their roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria
|
|
|
lens
|
a structure of the eye that focuses images on the retina by changing its convexity
|
|
|
levels of structure
|
different relationships that are formed in proteins between teh original sequence of amino acids and more complex 3D compounds
|
|
|
lichen
|
an association between an algae and a fungus that is symbiotic and mutualistic in nature
|
|
|
linkage
|
occurs when different traits are inherited together more often than they would have been by chance alone
|
|
|
lipase
|
a fat-digesting hormone
|
|
|
lipid
|
a fat or oil
|
|
|
littoral zone
|
a marine biome
|
|
|
Loop of Henle
|
the thin, bent part of the renal tubule that is the site of the counter-current flow and the sodium gradient
|
|
|
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
|
secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the conversion of a follicle into the corpus luteum and the secretion of progesterone
|
|
|
lymph
|
a body fluid that flows in its own circulatory fluid in lymphatic vessels separate from blood circ.
|
|
|
lymph capillary
|
on of many tubules that absorb tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream via the lymphatic system
|
|
|
lymphocyte
|
a kind of white blood cell in vertebrates that has a rounded nucleus; involved in immune response
|
|
|
lysosome
|
an organelle that contains enzyme that aids in intracellular digestion
|
|
|
macula
|
a sensory hair structure in the inner ear
|
|
|
malleus
|
he outermost bone of the middle ear (hammer)
|
|
|
malpighian tubules
|
tubules that excrete metabolic wastes into the hindgut in arthropods
|
|
|
maltase
|
an enzyme that acts upon maltose and converts it into glucose
|
|
|
maltose
|
a 12-carbon sugar that is formed by the union of two glucose molecules
|
|
|
marsupial
|
a pouched mammal, such as the kangaroo or opossum
|
|
|
medulla
|
the inner layer of an organism surrounded by the cortex
|
|
|
medulla oblongata
|
the posterior part of the brain tha controls the ate of breathing and other autonomic functions; most primitive part
|
|
|
medusa
|
a jellyfish
|
|
|
meiosis
|
a process of cell division whereby each daughter cell recieves only one set of chromosomes' the formation of gametes
|
|
|
Menelian Laws
|
laws of classical genetics established through Mendel's experiments with Peas
|
|
|
meninges
|
three membranes that envelop te brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
meristem
|
an undifferentiated, growing region of a plant that is constantly undergoing cell division and differentiation
|
|
|
mesoderm
|
a primary germ layer that gives rse to the SKELETON, CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, AND MANY ORGANS AND TISSUES BETWEEN THE EPIDERMIS ADN THE EPITHELIUM
|
|
|
metabolism
|
a grop of life-maintaing processes that includes nutration, respiration, and the synthesis of biochemica substances
|
|
|
metamorphosis
|
the transformation of an immature animal into an adult
|
|
|
metaphase
|
a stage of mitosis; chromosomes line up at hte equator of teh cell
|
|
|
microbodies
|
organelles the serve as specialized containers for metabolic reactions
|
|
|
micron
|
one-thousandth of a millimeter; a unit of microscopic length
|
|
|
mitochondria
|
cytoplasmic organelles that serve as sites of respiration
|
|
|
mitosis
|
a type of nuclear division that is charcterized by complex chromosomal movement and the exact duplication of chromosomes; occurs in somatic cells
|
|
|
monocotyledon
|
a plant that has a single cotyledon or seed-leaf
|
|
|
monohybrid
|
an individual that is heterozygous for only one trait
|
|
|
morphology
|
the study of form and structure
|
|
|
morula
|
the solidball of cells that results from cleavage of an egg
|
|
|
mucosa
|
a mucus-secreting membrane, such as the inner intestinal lining
|
|
|
mutagenic agent
|
agent that induces mutations; typically carcinogenic
|
|
|
mutation
|
changes in genes that are inherited
|
|
|
mutualism
|
s symbotic relationship from which both organisms involved derive some benefit
|
|
|
myelin sheath
|
a fatty sheath surrounding the axon og a neuron that aids in stimulus transmission; it is secreted by the Schwann cells
|
|
|
NAD
|
an abbreviation of nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide, also DPN; a respiratory oxadation-reduction molecule
|
|
|
NADP
|
an abbreviation of nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate, also TPN; an organic compound that serves as an oxidation-reduction molecule
|
|
|
nephron
|
functional urinary tubules responsible for excretion in the kidneys of vertebrates
|
|
|
nerve
|
a bundle of nerve axons
|
|
|
nerve cord
|
a compact linear organization of nerve tissues with ganglia in the CNS
|
|
|
nerve net
|
a multidirectional sensory system of lower animals such as the hydra, consisting of nerve fibers spread throughout the ectoderm
|
|
|
neural tube
|
an embryonic structure that gives rise to the central nervous system
|
|
|
neuron
|
a nerve cell
|
|
|
niche
|
the fuctional role and position of an organism in an ecosystem
|
|
|
nicitating membrane
|
a thin, transparent, eyelid-like membrane
|
|
|
nitrogen cycle
|
the recycling of nitrogen from decaying organisms for use in future generations
|
|
|
nondisjunction
|
the failure of some homologous pairs of chromosomes
|
|
|
notochord
|
a flexible, supportive rod running longitudinally through the dorsum ventral to the nerve cord
|
|
|
nuclear membrane
|
a membrane that envelopes the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm
|
|
|
nucleolus
|
a dark-staining small body within the nucleus; composed of RNA
|
|
|
nucleotide
|
an organic molecule consisting of joined phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base
|
|
|
nucleus
|
an organelle that regulates cell functions and contains the genetic material of the cell
|
|
|
olfactory
|
related to the sense of smell
|
|
|
oogenesis
|
a process o formation of ova
|
|
|
organelle
|
a specialized structure that carries out particular functions in eukaryotic cells
|
|
|
osmoregulation
|
the ways in which organisms regulate their suply of water
|
|
|
osmosis
|
the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane, from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration
|
|
|
ovary
|
the female gonad in animals; the base of the pistil in plants
|
|
|
oviduct
|
a tube connecting the ovaries and the uterus
|
|
|
oxidation
|
the removal of hydrogen or electrons from a compound or addition of oxygen
|
|
|
paring (synapsis)
|
an association of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division
|
|
|
parasitism
|
a relationship in which one organ benefits at the expense of another
|
|
|
parasympathetic
|
pertaining to a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system of vertebrate
|
|
|
parathyroid
|
an endocrine gland of vertebrates, usually paired, and located near or within the thyroid; it secretes parathormone, which controls the metabolism of calcium
|
|
|
parenchyma
|
plant tissue consisting of large thin walled cells for storage
|
|
|
passive immunity
|
a resistance to disease produced through injection of antibodies
|
|
|
parthenogenesis
|
a form of asexual reproduction in which the egg develops in the absence of sperm
|
|
|
pathogen
|
a disease-causing organism
|
|
|
pedigree
|
a family tree depicting the inheritance of a particular genetic trait over several generations
|
|
|
pelagic zone
|
a marine biome typical of the open seas
|
|
|
pepsin
|
a stomach enzyme that partially digests enzymes
|
|
|
peptide
|
the kind of bond formed
|
|
|
Peripheral Nervous System
|
comprises somatic and autonomic nervous system; consists of cranial and spinal nerves
|
|
|
peristalsis
|
waves of contractions and relaxation passing long a tubular structure, such as the digestive tube
|
|
|
permeability
|
degree of penetrability
|
|
|
pH
|
a symbol that denotes the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution: the lower the pH, the more acidic (1-6); neutral (7); the higher the number, the more basic (8-14)
|
|
|
phagocyte
|
any cell capable of ingesting another cell
|
|
|
pharynx
|
the part of the alimentary canal between the mouth and the esophagus
|
|
|
phenotype
|
the physical appearance of a gene trait
|
|
|
pheromone
|
substance secreted by organisms that influence the behavior of other members of the same species
|
|
|
phloem
|
the vascular tissue of a plant that transports organic materials from the leaves to other parts of the plant
|
|
|
photolysis
|
a process of photosynthesis in which water is split into H+ and OH-; the hydrogen ion then joins the NADP to form NADPH
|
|
|
photoperiodism
|
a response by an organism to the duration and timing of light and dark conditions
|
|
|
photosynthesis
|
the process by which light energy and chlorophyll are used to manufacture carbs out of CO2 and water; an autotrophic process using light energy
|
|
|
phototropism
|
plant growth stimulated by light (stem=to light; root= away from light)
|
|
|
phylogeny
|
the study of the evolutionary descent and interrelations of groups of organisms
|
|
|
phylum
|
a category of taxonomic classification that is ranked above class; kingdoms are divided into phylum
|
|
|
physiology
|
the study of all living processes, activities, and functions
|
|
|
pineal body
|
a structure found between he cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates; secretes melatonin, which may help regulate the pituitary by regulating hypothalamic releasing factors
|
|
|
pinocytosis
|
the intake of fluid droplets into a cell
|
|
|
pistil
|
he part of the flower that bears the female gametophyte
|
|
|
pith
|
the central tissue of a stem, used for food storage
|
|
|
pituitary
|
a gland composed of two parts, anterior and posterior, each with its own secretions; called the master gland because its hormones stimulate secretions by other glands
|
|
|
placenta
|
a structure formed by the wall of the uterus and the chorion of embryo
|
|
|
planaria
|
the class of free-living flatworms
|
|
|
plankton
|
passively floating or drifting flora and fauna of a body of water
|
|
|
plasma
|
the liquid part of the blood
|
|
|
plasma membrane
|
the cell membrane
|
|
|
plasmodium
|
a motile, multinucleate mass of protoplasm resulting from fusion of uninuclear amoeboid cells (slime mold)
|
|
|
plastid
|
cytoplasmic bodies within a plant cell that are often pigmented
|
|
|
platelet
|
small, disc-shaped bodies in the blood that play a chief role in coagulation
|
|
|
pleural cavity
|
the cavity between the lungs and the wall of the chest
|
|
|
plexus
|
a network of blood or nerve vessels
|
|
|
point mutation
|
a mutation in which a single nucleotide base is substituted for another nucleotide base, or an extra one is added
|
|
|
polar body
|
nonfunctional haploid cells created during meiosis in females
|
|
|
pollen
|
the microspore of a seed plant
|
|
|
pollination
|
the transfer of pollen to the micropyle or to a receptive surface that is associated with an ovule
|
|
|
polymer
|
a large molecule that is composed of many similar molecular units
|
|
|
polymorphism
|
the individual differences of form among the members of a species
|
|
|
polyp
|
a typical coelenterate individual with a hollow tubular body whose outer ectoderm is separated from its inner endoderm
|
|
|
polyploidy
|
a condition in which an organism may have multiple of the normal number of chromosomes (4n, 6n, etc)
|
|
|
polysaccharide
|
carb that is composed of many monosaccharides
|
|
|
pons
|
the part of the hindbrain located in the brain stem
|
|
|
population
|
all the members of a given species inhabiting a certain locale
|
|
|
Porifera
|
the phylum of sponges
|
|
|
primary oocyte
|
a cell that divides to form the polar body and the secondary oocyte
|
|
|
primary spermatocyte
|
a cell that divides to form two secondaries spermatocytes
|
|
|
producer
|
organism that produces its own food; first sstage in the food chain
|
|
|
progesterone
|
the hormone secrete by the corpus luteum of vertebrates and the placenta of mammals
|
|
|
prokaryote
|
unicellular organism with simple cell structure
|
|
|
prophase
|
a mitotic or meiotic stage in which the chromosomes become visible and during which the spindle fibers form
|
|
|
protein
|
one of a class of organic compounds that is composed of many amino acids; contains C, H, O, N
|
|
|
prothrombin
|
a part of the plasma in the blood of vertebrate
|
|
|
Protista
|
a kingdom of unicellular living organisms that are neither animals or plants; includes algae, smile molds, and protozoa
|
|
|
ptyalin
|
a digestive enzyme of the saliva that turns starch into maltose
|
|
|
pulmonary
|
relating to the lung
|
|
|
pupil
|
on opening of the eye whose size is regulated by the iris
|
|
|
purine
|
a nitrogenous base such as adenine or guanine; when joined with sugar and phosphate, a component of nucleotides and nucleic acids
|
|
|
pyrimidine
|
a nitrogen base such as cytosine, thymine, and uracil; when joined with sugar and phosphate, a component of nucleotides and nucleic acids
|
|
|
pyloric valve
|
a muscular valve regulating the flow of food from the stomach to the small intestine
|
|
|
recessive
|
pertains to a gene or characteristics that is masked when a dominant allele is present
|
|
|
recombinant DNA technology
|
technology that allows for manipulation of genetic material
|
|
|
reduction
|
a change from a diploid nucleus to a haploid nucleus, as in meiosis
|
|
|
vitamin
|
an organic nutrient required by organisms in small amounts to aid in proper metabolic processes
|
|
|
white matter
|
an accumulation of axons within that CNS that is white because of its fatty, myelin sheath
|
|
|
wood
|
xylem that is no longer being used; gives structural support to the plant
|
|
|
xylem
|
vascular tissue of the plant that aids in support and carries water
|
|
|
yolk sac
|
a specialized structure that leads to the digestive tract of a developing organism and provides it with food during early development
|
|
|
zygote
|
a cell resulting from the fusion of gametes
|
|
|
regeneration
|
the ability of certain animals to regrow missing body parts
|
|
|
respiration
|
a chemical action that releases energy from glucose to form ATP
|
|
|
respiratory center
|
the area of medulla that regulates the rate of breathing
|
|
|
reticulum
|
a network or mesh of fibrils
|
|
|
retina
|
the innermost tissue layer of the eyeball that contains light-sensitive receptor cells
|
|
|
Rh Factor
|
an antigen in blood, determines neg. or pos. blood
|
|
|
rhizome
|
an undergrown stem
|
|
|
ribosome
|
an organelle in the cytoplasm that contains RNA; serves as a site for protein synthesis
|
|
|
rhodopsin
|
the pigment in rod cells that causes light sensitivity
|
|
|
rickettsia
|
a type of virus/bacteria
|
|
|
RNA
|
ann abbreviation of ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid in which the sugar ribose; a product of DNA transcription that serves to control certain cell activities; acts as a template for protein translation; types include messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA
|
|
|
rod
|
a cell in the retina that is sensitive to weak light
|
|
|
root hair
|
outgrowths of a root's epidermal cells that allow for greater surface area for absorption of nutrients and water
|
|
|
saprophyte
|
an organism that obtains its nutrients from dead organisms
|
|
|
secondary tissue
|
tissue formed by the differentiation of cambium that causes a growth in of a plant stem
|
|
|
selective breeding
|
the creation of certain strains of specific traits through control of breeding
|
|
|
self-population
|
the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil of the same flower
|
|
|
semicircular canal
|
fluid-filled structures in the inner ear that are associated with the sense of balance
|
|
|
seminal fluid
|
semen
|
|
|
seminiferous tubules
|
structures in the testes that produce sperm and semen
|
|
|
sensory neurons
|
a neuron that picks up impulses from receptors and transmits them to the spinal cord
|
|
|
serum
|
the fluid that remains after fibrinogen is removed from the blood plasma of vertebrates
|
|
|
sex chromosome
|
there are two types, X and Y. XX signifies a female and XY signifies a male. there are two fewer genes on the Y than on the X
|
|
|
sex linkage
|
occurs when certain traits are determined by genes on the sex chromosomes
|
|
|
sinus
|
a space in the body
|
|
|
small intestine
|
the site of most digestion of nutrients and absorption of digested nutrients
|
|
|
smooth muscle
|
involuntary muscle
|
|
|
somatic cell
|
any cell that is not a reproductive cell
|
|
|
species
|
a group of populations that can interbreed
|
|
|
spermatogenesis
|
the process of forming the sperm cells from primary spermatocytes
|
|
|
spindle
|
a structure that arises during mitosis and helps separate the chromosomes; composed of tubulin
|
|
|
spiracle
|
the external opening o the trachea in insects, opening into respiratory system
|
|
|
sphincter
|
a ring-shaped muscle that is capable of closing a tubular opening by constriction
|
|
|
spore
|
a reproductive cell that is capable of developing directly into an adult
|
|
|
sporophyte
|
an organisms that produces sperm
|
|
|
stamen
|
the part of the flower that produces pollen
|
|
|
steroid
|
one of a class of organic compounds that contains a molecular skeleton of four fused rings of carbon
|
|
|
stigma
|
the uppermost portion of pistil upon which pollen grains alight
|
|
|
stoma (stomate)
|
a microscopic opening located in the epidermis of a leaf and formed by a pair of guard cells; the guard cells interact physically and regulate the passage of gas between the internal cells and the external environment
|
|
|
stomach
|
the portion of alimentary canal in which some protein digestion occurs; its muscular walls churn food so it is more easily digested
|
|
|
stroma
|
a sense fluid within the chloroplast; the site at which CO2 is converted into sugars in photosynthesis
|
|
|
style
|
a stalklike or elongated body part, usually pointed at one end
|
|
|
substrate
|
a substance that is acted upon by an enzyme
|
|
|
sucrase
|
an enzyme that acts upon sucrose
|
|
|
symbiosis
|
the living together of two organisms in an intimate relationship
|
|
|
sympathetic
|
pertaining to a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system
|
|
|
synapse
|
the junction or gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neruon
|
|
|
synergistic
|
describes organisms that are cooperative in action
|
|
|
synaptic terminal
|
the swelling at the end of an axon
|
|
|
synapsis
|
the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
|
|
|
systole
|
the contraction of the atria or ventricles of the heart
|
|
|
tiaga
|
forest-like habitat zone
|
|
|
taxonomy
|
the science of classification of living things
|
|
|
telophase
|
a mitotic stage in which nuclei reform and nuclear membrane reappears
|
|
|
test cross
|
the breeding of an organism with a homozygous recessive in order to determine whether an organism is homozygous dominant or heterozygous dominant for a given trait
|
|
|
testes
|
the male gonads that produce sperm and hormones
|
|
|
tetrad
|
a pair of chromosome pairs present during the first metaphase of meiosis
|
|
|
thalamus
|
a lateral region of the forebrain
|
|
|
thermoregulation
|
the ways in which organisms regulate their internal heat
|
|
|
thoracic duct
|
a major lymphatic that empties lymph into a vein in the neck
|
|
|
thorax
|
the part of the body of an animal that is between the neck or head and the abdomen
|
|
|
thrombin
|
a substance that participates in the clotting of blood
|
|
|
thrombokinase
|
the enzyme released from the blood platelets in vertebrates during cotting
|
|
|
thymine
|
a pyrimidine component of nucleic acid and nucleotide; bonds with adenosine
|
|
|
thymus
|
a ductless gland in the upper chest region concerned with immunity and the maturation of lymphocytes
|
|
|
thyroid
|
an endocrine gland located in the neck that produces thyroxin
|
|
|
thyroxin
|
a hormone of the thyroid gland that regulates basal metabolism
|
|
|
tissue
|
a mass of cells that have similar structures and perform similar functions
|
|
|
trachea
|
an air-conducting tube
|
|
|
transcription
|
DNA codes are transcribes onto RNA
|
|
|
translation
|
RNA is translated into different proteins
|
|
|
translocation
|
the transfer of a piece of chromosome to another chromosome
|
|
|
transpiration
|
the evaporation of water from leaves or other exposed surfaces of plants
|
|
|
trilobite
|
a maine arthropod
|
|
|
trypsin
|
an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine
|
|
|
tundra
|
the biome located in the polar region and the tiaga
|
|
|
turgor pressure
|
pressure exerted by the contents of cell against the cell membrane or cell wall
|
|
|
umbilicus
|
the naval
|
|
|
ungulate
|
a hoofed animal
|
|
|
uracil
|
round in RNA but no in DNA, bonds with adenosine
|
|
|
urea
|
an excretory product of protein metabolism
|
|
|
ureter
|
a duct that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
|
|
|
urethra
|
a duct though which urine passes from the bladder to the outside
|
|
|
urinary bladder
|
an organ that stores urine before it is excreted
|
|
|
urine
|
fluid excreted by the kidneys containing urea, water, salts, etc
|
|
|
uterus
|
the womb in which the fetus develops
|
|
|
vacuole
|
a space in the cytoplasm of a cell te contains fluids
|
|
|
vagus nerve
|
the tenth cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart, and other areas
|
|
|
vein
|
a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart from the capillaries
|
|
|
ventral root
|
the basal branch of each spinal nerve
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ventricle
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the more muscular chambers of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and to the rest of the body
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vestigial organ
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an organ that is not functional in an organism, but was functional at some point in time
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villus
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a small projection in the walls of the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption
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