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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Renal hilum |
Medial surface slit. Renal pelvis composed whole width. Renal artery, vein, and ureter exit through it |
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Portal system. Name the three and what they are |
Hypopyhseal, kidney, liver Passes through two capillary beds |
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Vasa recta |
Afferent arteriole capillary bed that surrounds loop of henle |
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Bowman’s capsule leads to (order of tubule structure) |
Proximal convoluted tubule. Descending, ascending loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct |
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Muscle lining of bladder |
Detrusor muscle Activated by parasympathetic |
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Micturition reflex |
Bladder muscle stretches, signals parasympathetic. Causes internal urethral sphincter (involuntary smooth) to relax. Then person voluntarily controls the external urethral sphincter (skeletal). Abd muscles also squeeze bladder |
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Three main divisions of kidney function |
Filtration, secretion, reabsorption |
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Three main divisions of kidney function |
Filtration, secretion, reabsorption |
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Glomerulus is a _____ which feeds to _____ through _______ |
Tuft of blood vessels, Bowman capsule, sterling forces |
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Filtrate consists of ______ but not______ because_______ thus..... |
Small molecules, large proteins and cells, the pores filter these big things out. You can tell health issues if cells or protein are found in blood |
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Kidney secretion |
Some molecules are secreted by kidney directly into nephron for excretion such as urea or larger molecules or excess ions |
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Kidney reabsorption |
Glucose, vitamins, amino acids, and some hormones are reabsorbed into circulation by kidney. Hormones also control amount of reabsorbed water |
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Main two kidney goals |
Keep good stuff remove unwanted stuff, concentrate urine to conserve water |
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Dump the HUNK (excretion stuff) |
H+ Urea NH3 K+ |
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Horizontal sections (the process and distal tubules)generally focus on———- and the vertical parts focus on____ |
Particles Fluid control |
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Horizontal sections (the process and distal tubules)generally focus on———- and the vertical parts focus on____ |
Particles Fluid control |
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Proximal convoluted tubule secretions and reabsorpions |
Secretions: HUNK Reabsorbed: Na+ almost 70 percent, Cl, H20, amino acids glucose and vitamins |
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Descending limb of loop of henle |
Only permeable to water. Osmolarity increases deeper into medulla so more water reabsorption as descends. Osmo can be regulated by kidney to control reabsorption |
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Countercurrent multiplier system |
Vasa recta and nephron flow opposite so nephron always against hypertonic blood for reabsorption (can’t reach equilibrium) |
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Ascending limb of loop of henle |
Only permeable to salt. Salt flows out more as ascending to cortex due to lower sodium concentration |
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Ascending limb of loop of henle |
Only permeable to salt. Salt flows out more as ascending to cortex due to lower sodium concentration |
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Diluting segment |
Ascending from inner to outer renal medulla tubule gets thicker not tube itself but the cells. They contain more mitochondria to fuel active transport of salt. Thus there is actual dilution of filtrate and decreases volume |
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Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
Responds to aldosterone to increase sodium and water reabsorption |
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Collecting duct |
Large control of final urine concentration. Responds to ADH and aldosterone. After here there is no reabsorption |
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Kidneys are key in controlling |
Blood pressure, osmoregulation, acid base balance (slower than respiratory but still effective) |
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Epidermis strata layers deepest to surface (come lets get sun burned) |
Stratum basale (stem cells and makes keratinocytes) Stratum spinosum: connects the cells and has langerhans cells Stratum granulosum: keratinocytes die and lose their nuclei Stratum lucidum (palmar plantar only) nearly transparent Stratum corneum dozens of keratinocyte flattened layers |
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Keratin |
Resistant to damage, protect against injury water and pathogens. Calluses are excess keratin. Nails and hair also keratin |
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Two other epidermis cells sides keratinocytes |
Melanocytes: stratum basale. Makes melanin which protects from UV. Pigment passed to keratinocytes. Color based on activity not amount of these cells Langerhans cells: stratum spinosum. Skin macrophages |
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Two other epidermis cells sides keratinocytes |
Melanocytes: stratum basale. Makes melanin which protects from UV. Pigment passed to keratinocytes. Color based on activity not amount of these cells Langerhans cells: stratum spinosum. Skin macrophages |
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Dermis layers |
Papillary later (loose connective tissue) Reticular layer (more dense) Sweat glands blood vessels and hair originate in dermis |
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Two other epidermis cells sides keratinocytes |
Melanocytes: stratum basale. Makes melanin which protects from UV. Pigment passed to keratinocytes. Color based on activity not amount of these cells Langerhans cells: stratum spinosum. Skin macrophages |
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Dermis layers |
Papillary later (loose connective tissue) Reticular layer (more dense) Sweat glands blood vessels and hair originate in dermis |
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Most ______ occurs from dermis |
Sensation |
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Merkel cell’s (discs) |
Occur as dermal epidermal junction. Connect to sensory neurons. Deep pressure and texture sensation |
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Merkel cell’s (discs) |
Occur as dermal epidermal junction. Connect to sensory neurons. Deep pressure and texture sensation |
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Dermis also had_____ for feeling |
Nerve endings |
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Merkel cell’s (discs) |
Occur as dermal epidermal junction. Connect to sensory neurons. Deep pressure and texture sensation |
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Dermis also had_____ for feeling |
Nerve endings |
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Meissners corpuscle |
Light touch |
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Merkel cell’s (discs) |
Occur as dermal epidermal junction. Connect to sensory neurons. Deep pressure and texture sensation |
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Dermis also had_____ for feeling |
Nerve endings |
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Meissners corpuscle |
Light touch |
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Ruffini endings |
Stretch |
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Pacinian corpuscles |
Deep pressure and vibration |
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Hypodermis |
Layer of connective tissue. Fat and fibrous tissue. Connects to rest of body |
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Sweating caused by |
Sympathetic and acetylcholine |
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Piloerection |
Arrector pili muscles stand up hairs to trap a layer of heat |
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Brown fat |
Has less efficient ETC for more heat release |
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Skin regulates______ so burns are a major problem and require _____ |
Fluid, fluid |
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Skeletal muscles |
Striated multinucleated somatic |
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Skeletal muscles |
Striated multinucleated somatic |
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Skeletal muscle fiber types |
Red (slow twitch) fiber: high myoglobin and mitochondria. Slow contraction sustained activities White (fast twitch) lighter color cuz less myoglobin. Better for rapid fast fatigue function |
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Smooth muscle |
uninucleate, no striations, constant low level contraction called tonus |
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Cardiac muscle |
Mostly uni but some multinucleate, involuntary like smooth but striated like skeletal. Connected by intercalated discs with lots of gap junctions for rapid depolarization (gap junctions connect cytoplasms remember) |
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Both smooth and cardiac muscle have |
Myogenic activity. Can operate with out nervous system activity |
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Both smooth and cardiac muscle have |
Myogenic activity. Can operate with out nervous system activity |
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Important ion for muscle contraction |
Calcium |
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Sarcomere |
Contractile unit of skeletal muscle made of thick and thin filaments |
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Thick filament |
Mostly myosin |
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Thin filament |
Actin, and troponin and tropomyosin (regulate actin myosin interaction |
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Titin |
Protein in muscle acts like a spring that anchors actin myosin together to prevent excess stretching |
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Sarcomere secoons |
Z-lines: vertical boundaries M-line: runs down center through myosin filaments I band: region of only thin filament H zone: only thick A band: entire section of thick filament and overlaps of thin |
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The distance between all lines except _____ get smaller during muscle contraction |
A band |
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The distance between all lines except _____ get smaller during muscle contraction |
A band |
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Structure of muscle |
Sarcomere attach end to end forming myofibrils. Covered by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) which has high Ca (sarcoplasm is modified cytoplasm out of SR). Membrane of myocyte with all this stuff crammed in is sarcolemma (can make propagate action potentials and distribute with transverse tubules or t tubules) transverse to myofibrils. Each myocyte has many myofibrils and is also known as muscle fibers with nucleus on periphery |
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Contraction initiation |
Starts at neuromuscular junction (muscle synapse). AP goes to nerve terminal (synaptic bouton). Acetylcholine through synapse. End terminal is motor end plate |
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Motor unit |
One nerve terminal and it’s collection of myocytes |
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Initiation after acetylcholine to motor end plate |
AP goes sarcolemma down t tubules to SR which releases Ca. Ca binds to troponin changing conformation of tropomyosin( they are bound). This changes myosin binding sites on actin to expose to myosin |
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Sarcomere shortening |
ADP pi release from being attached to myosin allows myosin to bind and pull exposed sites on actin. This shortens sacromere. Release of the hydrolyzed adp pi is what gives the energy. After this a new atp hydrolyzes and attached to myosin which recocks it |
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Sarcomere shortening |
ADP pi release from being attached to myosin allows myosin to bind and pull exposed sites on actin. This shortens sacromere. Release of the hydrolyzed adp pi is what gives the energy. After this a new atp hydrolyzes and attached to myosin which recocks it |
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Sliding filament model |
Thin filament slides along thick filament shortening sarcomere. H zone and I band shorten and A band unchanged |
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Sarcomere shortening |
ADP pi release from being attached to myosin allows myosin to bind and pull exposed sites on actin. This shortens sacromere. Release of the hydrolyzed adp pi is what gives the energy. After this a new atp hydrolyzes and attached to myosin which recocks it |
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Sliding filament model |
Thin filament slides along thick filament shortening sarcomere. H zone and I band shorten and A band unchanged |
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Acetylcholinesterase |
Degrades acetylcholine to end AP and calcium release |
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Muscle like nerves have _______ potential |
All or nothing |
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Since muscle all or nothing strength of contraction controlled by |
Number of fibers recruited |
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Simple teitchx |
Response of a single muscle fiber to brief stimulus above theeshold |
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Latent period |
Time between threshold and onset of contraction. AP spread across muscle |
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Frequency summation |
Combined contractions from prolonged stimulation. Too frequent such that muscle can’t relax is tetanus |
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Oxygen debt |
Difference between needed 02 during exercise and amount present |
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Oxygen debt |
Difference between needed 02 during exercise and amount present. Also amount of oxygen needed to convert the lactic acid to pyruvate |
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Two parts of bone |
Compact bone (strong part) Spongy or cancellous bone (has points called trabeculae, cavities between have marrow) |
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Oxygen debt |
Difference between needed 02 during exercise and amount present. Also amount of oxygen needed to convert the lactic acid to pyruvate |
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Two parts of bone |
Compact bone (strong part) Spongy or cancellous bone (has points called trabeculae, cavities between have marrow) |
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Marrow types |
Red marrow: erythropoesis Yellow: fatty and relatively inactive |
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Long bone sections |
Shaft called diaphyses swell at end to form metaphyses then terminate at epiphyses |
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Epiphyseal growth plate |
Site of longitudinal growth. Plates close during puberty |
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Bone matrix |
Strength of compact bone. Has collagen glycoproteins and minerals that harden to form hydroxyapatite crystals. |
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Bone matrix |
Strength of compact bone. Has collagen glycoproteins and minerals that harden to form hydroxyapatite crystals. |
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Endochondral ossification |
Main way of bone formation via hardening of cartilage |
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Intramembrous ossification |
Undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue mesenchymal tissue transformed into and replace by bone occurs in skull |
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Joint types |
Immovable joints: joined by sutures, skull example Movable joints: you know |
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Movable joint traits |
Strengthened by ligaments Has a synovial capsule that encloses joint (or articular) cavity . Soft tissue layer called synovium secretes synovial fluid which lubes movement. |
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Articular cartilage |
Coats articular bone surface to reduce impact to lubed cartilage and not bone |
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Muscle connections |
Large attachment is origin small usually distal is insertion |
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Muscle works in _______ which means that one_____ and the other _______ |
Antagonistic pairs Flexes Relaxes |
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Muscles can be______ working together for the same funcion |
Synergistic |
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Adductor vs abductor |
Adductor muscle moves toward midline Abductor away |
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Osteons or haversian systems |
Structural unit of bone matrix. Is a circle of matrix called lamellae |
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Osteons (or Haversian canals) |
Units of bone matrix. Each has circles called lamellae surrounding a microscopic channel. |
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The canal types in the bone matrix and what they have |
Vertical are Haversian canals Horizontal are volkmann’s canals Contain blood vessels, lymph, and nerves |
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Lacunae |
Spaces between lamellar rings with osteocytes and are connected by canaliculi, small channels that connect osteocytes and the canals |
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Two cell types for bone remodeling and funcion |
Osteoblasts: build bone Osteoclasts: polynucleotide macrophages of bone that resorb (breakdown for reabsorption) Thus bone constantly turned over |
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Bone remodeling occurs in response to_____ |
Stress |
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Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D |
Peptide hormone and vitamin that promoted bone resorption (resorption also helps better growth) |
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Calcitonin |
Peptide hormone that lowers blood calcium by promoting bone formation |
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Cartilage traits |
Softer and more flex than bone, matrix called chondrin secreted by chondrocytes. Fetal skeleton mostly cartilage. Avascular |
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Peptide hormones |
Made up of amino acids derived from larger polypeptides cleaved. Charged so is a first messenger that acts on membrane protein to signal second messenger. Water soluble so travel in bloodstream freely Key! Rapid and short lived and quicker to turn off like insulin |
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Signaling cascade |
Effect brought by second messenger. Can amplify response at each step. Example: G protein coupled: G protein activates adenylate cyclase which increases the second messenger cAMP. Other second messengers are IP3 and ca+ |
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Signaling cascade |
Effect brought by second messenger. Can amplify response at each step. Example: G protein coupled: G protein activates adenylate cyclase which increases the second messenger cAMP. Other second messengers are IP3 and ca+ |
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Steroid hormone |
Derived from cholesterol. Mainly in gonads and adrenal cortex. Usually cross membrane to get to intracellular or intranuclear receptors. Can form complex with receptor such as dimer and bind to DNA for activation or suppression. Thus steroids are longer acting and slower. Need carriers in bloodstream |
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Signaling cascade |
Effect brought by second messenger. Can amplify response at each step. Example: G protein coupled: G protein activates adenylate cyclase which increases the second messenger cAMP. Other second messengers are IP3 and ca+ |
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Steroid hormone |
Derived from cholesterol. Mainly in gonads and adrenal cortex. Usually cross membrane to get to intracellular or intranuclear receptors. Can form complex with receptor such as dimer and bind to DNA for activation or suppression. Thus steroids are longer acting and slower. Need carriers in bloodstream |
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Amino acid derivative hormones |
Less common. Less predictable Fast acting: epi and norepinephrine the catecholamines bind to G protein and are FAST! Slow acting: thyroxine and triiodothyronine, binds intracellularly, slow and regulate metabolic rate |
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Hormone class by target tissue |
Direct: acts on a tissue directly (insulin) Tropic: needs intermediary (GnRH with LH and FSH) usually in brain |
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Peptide and amino hormones end in _____ usually and steroid in______ |
in or ine one ol oid |
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Hypothalamus receives |
Input from body |
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Portal system in pituitary from hypothalmus |
Hypophyseal portal system |
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Hormones by hypothalamus and their pituitary result |
GnRH > LH and FSH Growth hormone releasing hormone(GHRH)> growth hormone (GH) Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)> thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) Corticotropic releasing factor(CRF)>Adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone (ACTH) |
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Prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF) is actually_____ and is the only hormone from hypothalamus that______ release. It does this to _____ which stims ______ |
Dopamine, inhibits, prolactin, milk production |
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Three organ hormone system |
Axes or axis |
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Posterior pituitary interactions and what it releases |
Stimulated by nerves from hypothalamus not blood. Releases ADH and oxytocin (has positive feedback and breast feeding can stim too) Key: these two hormones are actually made in hypothalamus and sent to posterior pituitary |
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Anterior pituitary hormones |
FLAT PEG FSH LH Adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone (ACTH) TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) Prolactin Endorphins Growth hormone GH Note: FLAT are tropic and peg are direct |
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Endorphins |
Decrease pain perception |
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Endorphins |
Decrease pain perception |
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Excess or low GH results in |
Gigantism or dwarfism In adults after long bone plates have set only short bones grow called acromegaly |
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Thyroid |
TSH stims. Thyroid sets basal metabolic rate and calcium homeostasis. First by triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) which are made by iodination of tyrosine. Increases metabolism released by follicular cells Calcium controlled by calcitonin which decreases blood calcium 3 ways: excretion increase, decrease gut absorption, increased bone storage. Released by c-cells |
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Cretinism |
Development delay by hypothyroid |
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Calcium functions |
Neurotransmitter release, bone, muscle contraction, clotting, exocytosis |
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Parathyroid |
Four pea sized things posterior to thyroid |
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Parathyroid hormone PTH |
Does opposite of calcitonin to increase blood calcium Activates vitamin D which helps absorb ca and phosphate in gut (phosphate don’t really increase) |
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Corticosteroid classes |
From adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids: steroid hormones for glucose and metabolism (cortisol and cortisone) regulated by ACTH Mineral corticoids: salt and water homeostasis (aldosterone) Cortical sex hormones: androgens and estrogens. Androgen in men mostly from balls. Females very sensitive to adrenal cortex problems and got manly stuff Remember three s Salt sugar sex |
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Corticosteroid classes |
From adrenal cortex Glucocorticoids: steroid hormones for glucose and metabolism (cortisol and cortisone) regulated by ACTH Mineral corticoids: salt and water homeostasis (aldosterone) Cortical sex hormones: androgens and estrogens. Androgen in men mostly from balls. Females very sensitive to adrenal cortex problems and got manly stuff Remember three s Salt sugar sex |
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Aldosterone function |
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system Increases bp. Juxtomedullar cell’s in kidney secrete renin, it cleaves angiotensin to active angiotensin 1. Converted to II by ace. 2 stims aldosterone release from adrenal cortex. This stims increased salt reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule to increase bp |
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Adrenal medulla releases |
Epi and norepinephrine. Amino acid derived catecholamines |
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Pancreas hormone cells in the_____ the types and what they release are |
Islets of langerhans Alpha: glucagon Beta: insulin Delta: somatostatin(inhibits both the others and is also secreted by hypothalamus) |
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Pancreas hormone cells in the_____ the types and what they release are |
Islets of langerhans Alpha: glucagon Beta: insulin Delta: somatostatin(inhibits both the others and is also secreted by hypothalamus) |
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Hormone in atria (heart) that ____ blood pressure by_____ |
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) atria stretches from high bp stims secretion to exrete sodium and lower bp. Think opposite of aldosterone. Isn’t super effective |
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Pancreas hormone cells in the_____ the types and what they release are |
Islets of langerhans Alpha: glucagon Beta: insulin Delta: somatostatin(inhibits both the others and is also secreted by hypothalamus) |
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Hormone in atria (heart) that ____ blood pressure by_____ |
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) atria stretches from high bp stims secretion to exrete sodium and lower bp. Think opposite of aldosterone. Isn’t super effective |
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Thymus located_____ and releases____ which_____ |
Behind sternum Thymosin Helps for tcell development |