Bio Final

Front 1

Function of the Digestive System

Back 1

To bring essential nutrients into the body so that they are available to each cell

Front 2

What is ingestion?

Back 2

Food is taken in

Front 3

What is digestion?

Back 3

The breakdown of complex nutrients into simple nutrients

Front 4

Mechanical digestion

Back 4

Movements of the digestive tract; changes digested food from large to small particles

Front 5

Chemical digestion

Back 5

Changes in chemical composition of food as it travels through the digestive tract

Front 6

Secretion

Back 6

Digestive enzyme aids in chemical digestion

Front 7

Absorption

Back 7

Movement of nutrients into internal environment

- most absorption occurs in the small intestine

Front 8

Elimination

Back 8

Excretion of material that is not absorbed

Front 9

Amylase (saliva)

Back 9

Enzyme that begins digestion of starches

Front 10

Pepsin (gastric juice)

Back 10

Begins the digestion of proteins

Front 11

Main organs of the digestive system

Back 11

- Mouth

- Pharnx

- Esophagus

- Stomach

- Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ilium)

- Large intestine:

- Cecum

- Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon

- Rectum

- Anus

Front 12

Layers of the digestive canal

Back 12

- Mucosa

- Submucosa

- Muscularis

- Serosa

Front 13

Three parts of a tooth

Back 13

- Crown

- Neck

- Root

Front 14

Types of teeth

Back 14

- Incisors

- Cuspids

- Bicuspids

- Tricuspids

Front 15

Two types of saliva

Back 15

- Serous; watery, contains enzymes

- Mucus; thick, no enzymes

Front 16

Salivary glands

Back 16

Parotids; produces serous

Submandibular; mixed serous/mucus

Sublingual; produces mucus

Front 17

Esophagus

Back 17

-

- Connects pharynx to stomach

- Main canal for food

- Food enters stomach via LES (cardiac sphincter)

Front 18

Cardiac Sphincter

Back 18

Aka Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)

Combines esophagus with stomach

Front 19

Pyloric sphincter

Back 19

Separates pyloris (lower stomach) from the duodenum

Front 20

Divisions of the small intestine

Back 20

- Duodenum

- Jejunum

- Ileum

Front 21

Liver

Back 21

Largest gland

Mostly on right side

Secretes bile

Front 22

Ducts

Back 22

- Hepatic

- Cystic

- Common bile

Front 23

Hepatic duct

Back 23

Drains bile from liver

Front 24

Cystic duct

Back 24

Duct by which bile enters and exits the gallbladder

Front 25

Common bile duct

Back 25

Formed by union of hepatic and cystic ducts

Drains bile from ducts to duodenum

Front 26

Gallbladder

Back 26

Located underneath the liver

Concentrates and stores bile

Front 27

Pancreas

Back 27

Exocrine gland that lies behind stomach

Pancreatic cells secrete pancreatic juice into pancreatic ducts

Front 28

Carbohydrate digestion

Back 28

Mainly in small intestine

Maltase - changes maltose to glucose

Sucrase - changes sucrose into glucose

Lactase - changes lactose into glucose

Front 29

Protein digestion

Back 29

Starts in stomach, finishes in small intestine

Pepsin - partially digests proteins

Trypsin - continues digestion of proteins

Peptidases - completes digestion of proteins and converts into amino acids

Front 30

Where does mechanical digestion occur?

Back 30

In the mouth and stomach

Front 31

Where does chemical digestion occur?

Back 31

The mouth, stomach, and small intestine (duodenum)

Front 32

What are the layers of the GI tract?

Back 32

1) Mucosa

2) Submucosa

3) Muscularis

4) Serosa

Front 33

Name two plexuses of the GI tract

Back 33

1) Enteric

2) Myenteric

Front 34

Where do the cystic duct and hepatic duct combine in order to form the common bile duct?

Back 34

Combine in the gallbladder - leads to duodenum

Front 35

What are the digestive enzymes?

Back 35

- Amylase

- Pepsin

- Trypsin

- Lipases

- Peptidases

- Sucrase

- Lactase

- Maltase

Front 36

What is the most abundant product of carbohydrate digestions?

Back 36

Glucose

Front 37

What are the salivary glands? Which is the largest?

Back 37

Parotid (largest)

Submandibular

Sublingual

Front 38

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Back 38

- Excretes wastes

- Regulates chemicals in blood

- Maintains water balance

- Regulates blood pressure

Front 39

Parts of a kidney

Back 39

- Cortex

- Medulla

- Pyramids

- Papilla

- Pelvis

- Calyces

Front 40

Microscopic parts of a kidney

Back 40

Renal corpuscle

- Bowman's capsule

- Glomerulus

Renal Tubule

- Proximal convoluted tubule

- Loop of Henle

- Distal convoluted tubule

- Collecting tubule

Front 41

Where are the pyramids located within the kidneys?

Back 41

Renal cortex

Front 42

Hormone that absorbs salt

Back 42

Aldosterone

Front 43

What is suspension, retention, incontinence?

Back 43

Suppression - No urine produced, but bladder is normal

Retention - Urine produced but not voided

Incontinence - Urine is voided involuntarily

Front 44

Definition of glycosuria

Back 44

Excess of glucose (sugar) in the urine

Front 45

Where do filtration, retention, and excretion occur?

Back 45

Filtration - renal corpuscles

Retention - renal tubules

Excretion - distal and collecting tubules

Front 46

Male essential reproductive organs

Back 46

Testes

Front 47

Female essential reproductive organs

Back 47

Ovaries

Front 48

Percent of semen secretions

Back 48

Seminal vesicles - 60%

Prostate gland - 30%

Bulbourethral - 5%

Front 49

Structure of the testis

Back 49

Seminiferous tubules

Front 50

Structure of the uterus

Back 50

Cervix, body, and fundus

Front 51

Stages of the menstrual cycle

Back 51

1) Menstrual phase (1-5)

2) Follicular phase (1-13)

3) Ovulation phase (14)

4) Luteal phase (15-28)

Front 52

Definition of zygote

Back 52

Fertilized egg cell