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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Function of the Digestive System |
To bring essential nutrients into the body so that they are available to each cell |
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What is ingestion? |
Food is taken in |
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What is digestion? |
The breakdown of complex nutrients into simple nutrients |
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Mechanical digestion |
Movements of the digestive tract; changes digested food from large to small particles |
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Chemical digestion |
Changes in chemical composition of food as it travels through the digestive tract |
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Secretion |
Digestive enzyme aids in chemical digestion |
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Absorption |
Movement of nutrients into internal environment - most absorption occurs in the small intestine |
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Elimination |
Excretion of material that is not absorbed |
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Amylase (saliva) |
Enzyme that begins digestion of starches |
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Pepsin (gastric juice) |
Begins the digestion of proteins |
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Main organs of the digestive system |
- Mouth - Pharnx - Esophagus - Stomach - Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ilium) - Large intestine: - Cecum - Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon - Rectum - Anus |
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Layers of the digestive canal |
- Mucosa - Submucosa - Muscularis - Serosa |
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Three parts of a tooth |
- Crown - Neck - Root |
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Types of teeth |
- Incisors - Cuspids - Bicuspids - Tricuspids |
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Two types of saliva |
- Serous; watery, contains enzymes - Mucus; thick, no enzymes |
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Salivary glands |
Parotids; produces serous Submandibular; mixed serous/mucus Sublingual; produces mucus |
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Esophagus |
- - Connects pharynx to stomach - Main canal for food - Food enters stomach via LES (cardiac sphincter) |
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Cardiac Sphincter |
Aka Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) Combines esophagus with stomach |
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Pyloric sphincter |
Separates pyloris (lower stomach) from the duodenum |
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Divisions of the small intestine |
- Duodenum - Jejunum - Ileum |
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Liver |
Largest gland Mostly on right side Secretes bile |
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Ducts |
- Hepatic - Cystic - Common bile |
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Hepatic duct |
Drains bile from liver |
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Cystic duct |
Duct by which bile enters and exits the gallbladder |
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Common bile duct |
Formed by union of hepatic and cystic ducts Drains bile from ducts to duodenum |
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Gallbladder |
Located underneath the liver Concentrates and stores bile |
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Pancreas |
Exocrine gland that lies behind stomach Pancreatic cells secrete pancreatic juice into pancreatic ducts |
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Carbohydrate digestion |
Mainly in small intestine Maltase - changes maltose to glucose Sucrase - changes sucrose into glucose Lactase - changes lactose into glucose |
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Protein digestion |
Starts in stomach, finishes in small intestine Pepsin - partially digests proteins Trypsin - continues digestion of proteins Peptidases - completes digestion of proteins and converts into amino acids |
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Where does mechanical digestion occur?
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In the mouth and stomach |
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Where does chemical digestion occur? |
The mouth, stomach, and small intestine (duodenum) |
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What are the layers of the GI tract? |
1) Mucosa 2) Submucosa 3) Muscularis 4) Serosa |
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Name two plexuses of the GI tract |
1) Enteric
2) Myenteric |
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Where do the cystic duct and hepatic duct combine in order to form the common bile duct? |
Combine in the gallbladder - leads to duodenum |
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What are the digestive enzymes? |
- Amylase - Pepsin - Trypsin - Lipases - Peptidases - Sucrase - Lactase - Maltase |
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What is the most abundant product of carbohydrate digestions? |
Glucose |
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What are the salivary glands? Which is the largest? |
Parotid (largest) Submandibular Sublingual |
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What are the functions of the urinary system?
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- Excretes wastes - Regulates chemicals in blood - Maintains water balance - Regulates blood pressure |
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Parts of a kidney |
- Cortex - Medulla - Pyramids - Papilla - Pelvis - Calyces |
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Microscopic parts of a kidney |
Renal corpuscle - Bowman's capsule - Glomerulus Renal Tubule - Proximal convoluted tubule - Loop of Henle - Distal convoluted tubule - Collecting tubule |
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Where are the pyramids located within the kidneys? |
Renal cortex |
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Hormone that absorbs salt
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Aldosterone |
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What is suspension, retention, incontinence? |
Suppression - No urine produced, but bladder is normal Retention - Urine produced but not voided Incontinence - Urine is voided involuntarily |
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Definition of glycosuria |
Excess of glucose (sugar) in the urine |
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Where do filtration, retention, and excretion occur? |
Filtration - renal corpuscles Retention - renal tubules Excretion - distal and collecting tubules |
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Male essential reproductive organs |
Testes |
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Female essential reproductive organs |
Ovaries |
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Percent of semen secretions |
Seminal vesicles - 60% Prostate gland - 30% Bulbourethral - 5% |
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Structure of the testis |
Seminiferous tubules |
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Structure of the uterus |
Cervix, body, and fundus |
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Stages of the menstrual cycle |
1) Menstrual phase (1-5) 2) Follicular phase (1-13) 4) Luteal phase (15-28) |
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Definition of zygote |
Fertilized egg cell |