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283 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A reptile
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Is ectothermic and has a body temperature that fluctuates as the animal derives its heat from the environment
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A mammal
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Is endothermic and has a body temperature maintained by its own metabolism
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Homeostasis is defined as
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The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment (not the same but not varied)
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Humans may conserve or generate heat in cold weather by
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Blood vessels near the surface of the skin constricting and shivering
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Which of the following is true of endotherms in comparison to ectotherms?
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They have a higher metabolic rate and oxygen consumption
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Why does a high metabolic rate mean that an animal has a huge demand for oxygen?
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Oxygen is used by the mitochondria to obtain maximal energy from food
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Usually the (A) conducts nerve impulses from the cell body to a muscle, gland, or another neuron
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Axon
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What is a interneuron?
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Connects 1 neuron to another
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What is motor neuron?
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Tells the body what to do (movement)
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What is a Sensory neuron?
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Detects Senses and brings information to the brain.
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The type of neuron that brings information toward the central nervous System is the
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Sensory neuron (sense)
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Axon
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Is the “fire” signAl – that receives signals from 1000 other neurons and decides whether fire or not
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Axon termini
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Connects to other connections – determines frequency of pain. The faster – more pain & vice versa. Big cables that signal brain and dorsal spinal cord.
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Central nervous system
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Brain and dorsal spinal Cord (main frame for the body)
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Peripheral nervous system
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Sensory neurons and motor neurons.
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Dendrites
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Long cables from cell body that receives neuronal transmissions.
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What are the two types of dendrites
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Stimulatory and Inhibitory
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What is a stimulatory dendrite
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It says “fire” to the body. It stimulates and sends the sensory signal to go off.
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What is an Inhibitory dendrite
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It does not send a signal because it does not consider it a “fire” prevents signal from going off.
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The type of neuron that connects 1 neuron to another within the central nervous system is the
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Interneuron |
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In a neuron at rest
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Active transport is occurring (constantly running nonstop)
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In a neuron at rest sodium ions are
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More concentrated outside the cell than inside
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In a neuron at rest potassium ions are
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More concentrated inside the cell than outside.
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When a neuron is at rest
metabolism |
Is very slow
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During an action potential
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Sodium ions rush into the cell switching the potential to +35 millivolts.
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A chemical that travels from a sending neuron to a receiving neuron is called a
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Neurotransmitter
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What is synaptic cleft?
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Where the transmission of
neurons occurs |
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The part of the central nervous system that conducts information to and from the brain is the
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Spinal cord
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The part of the brain that is responsible for homeostatic control of most organs is the
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Hypothalamus
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What is the hypothalamus?
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The hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that Helps maintain your internal balance by regulating the body's key processes such as heart rate and body temperature.
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Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which a person raises antibodies against myelin. How would this affect the nervous system?
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Nerve impulses travel more slowly because they can’t jump
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Which of the following would occur in a patient given a SSRI?
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Serotonin levels would increase in the synapse
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The three major functions of the human nervous system are
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Sensory input, sensory integration, and motor response
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The division of the nervous system that integrates sensory information and coordinates the body’s response is the
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Central nervous system (main frame)
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The part of the neuron that is usually highly branched and receives input from other neurons is the
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Dendrite
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The junctions between one neuron and another neuron are called
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Synapses
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When the concentration of solutes (salt) in fluid is higher outside the cell than inside
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Water moves into the cell by facilitated diffusion
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Mammals excrete nitrogen wastes through what?
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Urea
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What is Urea?
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Land animals and humans use it because it is more efficient than conserving water.
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Ammonia is?
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Very toxic and takes a lot of water. The method fish use to excrete nitrogen wastes
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Uric acid
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Is the method that reptiles use to excrete nitrogen wastes!
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Water leaves red blood cells at which two cases?
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Water – high to low
Salt – low to high |
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In humans the muscular tube into which urine from the kidney first drains is the
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Ureter
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Oxygen:
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Turns into water in cellular respiration and it takes “h” from breaking down food creating H2O
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The chemical composition of urine reflects the processes of
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Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
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A diuretic is:
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A substance that increases the volume of urine
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Humans may conserve or generate heat in cold weather by
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Blood vessels near the surface of the skin constricting and shivering
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A penguins feet are nearly as cold as ice while the birds core body temperature is much higher. Which of the following explains this observation?
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Countercurrent heat exchange between warm blood in arteries and cold blood in veins.
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Arteries:
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Have hot heat in the blood during countercurrent heat exchange
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Veins:
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Have cold heat in the blood during countercurrent heat exchange
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In sequence of their occurrence the four major steps that vertebrate organisms use to obtain and use food are
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Ingestion digestion absorption and elimination
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Animals that consume decaying organic matter as their main source of food are
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Detritivores
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Animals that drink their food are termed
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Fluid feeders
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Animals that live in their food and eat it from the inside are termed
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Substrate feeders
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Animals that strain their food from particles in water are termed
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Suspension feeders
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Animals that strain partially decayed organic matter from soil are termed
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Fluid feeders
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In herbivores cellulose is primarily broken down
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By bacteria living within the herbivore gastrointestinal tract
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Which of the following produces bile
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Liver
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The function of bile is to
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Emulsify fats
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The cecum is the largest in
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Herbivores
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The main site of food absorption in the human digestive system is the
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Small intestine
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The main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the
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Large intestine
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Rhythmic smooth muscle contractions occurring along the human digestive system that propel food along the system are termed
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Peristalsis
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Rings of muscle in the digestive tract that can open and close regulating the movement of food into or out of parts of the digestive system are
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Sphincters
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The structure that covers the opening to the trachea during swallowing thereby preventing food from entering the air passage way is the
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Epiglottis
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Tiny finger-like projections along the small intestine that are used to absorb nutrients are
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Villi
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Acid reflux would occur under which of the following conditions
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Stomach contents leak into the esophagus
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Each epithelial cell on the villi of the small intestine contains 500 microvilli what is the purpose of these
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To increase surface are for food absorption
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If a person has their gall bladder removed they are typically put on a low fat diet. Which of the following would explain this recommendation?
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Bile acids cannot be released following a meal
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The liquid component of blood is referred to as
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Plasma
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Hemoglobin is a (Blank) rich pigment that carries oxygen
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Iron
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What drives the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream?
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Diffusion down a concentration gradient
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What drives the movement of carbon dioxide from tissue into the bloodstream?
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Diffusion down a concentration gradient
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Where is oxygen used in a eukaryotic cell?
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Mitochondria
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In the pulmonary circulation (CD) is expelled from the blood and (O) is picked up
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Carbon dioxide oxygen
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Blood in the pulmonary artery would have (L) oxygen and (M) carbon dioxide than blood in the pulmonary vein.
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Less more
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Blood
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Is a liquid connective tissue that delivers food to the cells of the body delivers oxygen to the cells of the body helps remove wastes from the body
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The large vessels of the circulatory system that carry blood away from the heart are
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Arteries
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The small vessels from which water and dissolved substances diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluid are.
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Lymph vessels
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The chamber of the heart that is most powerful is the
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Left ventricle
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A heart murmur is caused by
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The heart valves not functioning properly
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The major vein receiving blood draining from all areas above the diaphragm is the
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Superios vena cava
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Which of the following veins does not deliver deoxygenated blood to the heart
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Pulmonary vein
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At the capillaries (O) leaves red blood cells and (CD) enters the circulation
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Oxygen carbon dioxide
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Blood pressure is
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The force that blood exerts on the walls of the arteries
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Birds and mammals are endotherms meaning they spend enormous amounts of energy maintaining a constant body temperature. To meet these energy needs birds and mammals independently evolved four-chamber hearts completing the separation of oxygen-rich from oxygen-depleted blood. How would this maximize the amount of oxygen reaching tissues.
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Diffusion of oxygen from oxygenated blood into tissues would be increased
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The cellular fragments that help in initiating blood clotting are
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Platelets
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If blood pressure is too high the brain (D) heart rate and causes blood vessels to (DI)
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Decreased dialate
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If a person has a blood type of A. they could receive a whole blood transfusion from which donors?
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A or O
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Which of the following would you expect to observe in a person with atherosclerosis
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Increased blood pressure
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In a coronary bypass which of the following is being bypassed?
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Coronary arteries
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A reptile
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Is ectothermic and has a body temperature that fluctuates as the animal derives its heat from the environment
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A mammal
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Is endothermic and has a body temperature maintained by its own metabolism
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Homeostasis is defined as
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The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment
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Humans may conserve or generate heat in cold weather by
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Blood vessels near the surface of the skin constricting and shivering
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Which of the following is true of endotherms in comparison to ectotherms
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they have a higher metabolic rate and oxygen consumption
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Why does a high metabolic rate mean that an animal has a huge demand for oxygen
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Oxygen is used by the mitochondria to obtain maximal energy from food
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The two closely allied organ systems that allow for running swimming and flying under the direction of the nervous system are the
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Muscular and skeletal systems
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The skeleton functions in
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Production of blood cells supporting the body protecting the body and movement
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A person who is bedridden for several weeks will see a decrease in bone and muscle mass. Blood vessels to muscle will shrink and mitochondrial enzyme levels will decrease. Which of the following will be true of the bones of a bedridden person?
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Osteoclasts will be more active than normal
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Blood calcium levels are regulated by hormones secreted from the parathyroid and thyroid. Blood calcium is low which of the following would be stimulated by the parathyroid.
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Release of calcium from bone by osteoclasts
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How does an impulse from a motor neuron trigger a muscle cell to contract
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Acetylcholine is released from the neuron triggering calcium release from the muscle cells endoplasmic reticulum
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After death muscles remain stiff position for several hours. Which of the following explains this observation?
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ATP is required to break the bond between actin and myosin
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You placed an electrode on a person’s triceps and stimulated the muscle which of the following should occur?
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They would not be able to bend their arm
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How can humans survive if they have an inactive gene that encodes a non-functional myosin protein?
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We have over 40 closely related myosin genes
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What does the high level similarity between the myosin gene sequences in human and non-human primates suggest?
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That humans and non-human primates had a common ancestor at some time in the past
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What does the presence of the two base pair deletion in the genomes of six widely dispersed human populations and the absence of the deletion in all non-human primates reveal?
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That the deletion arose before the branch between humans and non-human primates
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Why did the researchers look for the myosin mRNA in tissue samples from the non-primates?
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To see if the myosin gene was being transcribed
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How would the temporalis muscle be attached to the skull and jaw
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Through tendons
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The study of an organisms structure is
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Anatomy
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The study of the function of all of the body’s parts is
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Physiology
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The different types of animal tissue include
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Epithelial tissue connective muscle and nervous
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The tissue type that functions in acting as a lining or covering of organs and absorption gas diffusion and secretion is
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Epithelial
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The tissue type that functions in receiving processing and transmitting information by providing a communication network among cells is
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Nervous
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The tissue type that functions in providing contractions that power movement is
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Muscle
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Muscle tissue that is under voluntary control and contains cells with many nuclei is
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Skeletal
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Muscle tissue that is controlled involuntarily and has no striations is
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Smooth
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The systems that coordinate communication are
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Nervous and endocrine
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The systems that work together to acquire energy are
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Digestive respiratory and circulatory
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An action that counters an existing condition is
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Termed negative feedback
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The body’s first line of defense against disease-causing microorganisms is
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The intact skin
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Patients with muscular dystrophy have decreased voluntary motion while involuntary motions remain normal. Which tissues are affected by muscular dystrophy?
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Skeletal muscle
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One way humans maintain body temperature is by increasing blood flow to the skin and sweating. Which organ systems are interacting in this process.
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Circulatory and integumentary
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When a blood clot begins to form the enzyme thrombin is formed. Thrombin then activates the enzymes that produce more thrombin. This is an example of which of the following?
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Positive Feedback
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The liver produces 90% of the cholesterol in your body much of it transported in the blood as low density lipoporotein (LDL). When the levels of blood LDL increase an enzyme in the liver that makes cholesterol is inhibited. This is an example of which of the following?
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Negative Feedback
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A traditional tattoo injects ink into the lower layers of the skin. Which of the following would be true of this tattoo?
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It would be permanent because dermal cells are not replaced.
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Why isn’t protection from skin cancer a good explanation for the selective advantage of producing melanin?
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Because skin cancer doesn’t affect reproductive success
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At the same latitude a person with dark skin would have which levels of folic acid and relative to a person with light skin?
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Increased folic acid and decreased vitamin D
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Why is dark skin more prevalent in people whose ancestors were from lower latitudes near the equator?
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Increased melanin prevents the breakdown of folic acid but enough light is available to make vitamin D.
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Why is light skin more prevalent in people whose ancestors were from higher latitudes far from the equator?
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Decreased melanin promotes the synthesis of vitamin D but the low light available does not destroy folic acid
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An Australian redback spider that eats her mate is which of the following?
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Carnivore
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What was the benefit to a male Australian redback spider that explains why it lets itself be cannibalized by its mate.
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It fertilized more eggs.
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ATP is required by cells for
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DNA Replication movement production of proteins and growth
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Aerobic respiration consumes (O) gas and generates (CO) gas as a waste product
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Oxygen carbon dioxide
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The openings in the exoskeleton of arthropods that allow oxygen into highly branched internal tubules that branch around individual body cells are
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Spiracles
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The anatomical arrangement in which two adjacent currents flow in opposite directions and exchange materials with each other is found in the respiratory systems of which of the following?
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Fish
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The movement of air across the vocal cords in the (L) produces sounds
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Larynx
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The small air sacs of the lungs are the
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Alveoli
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The percentage of oxygen in inhaled air at sea level is about
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20%
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One of the main reasons that we exhale a higher percentage of carbon dioxide than we inhale is
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We produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct of aerobic respiration
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Hemoglobin is (an) (I) rich pigment that carries oxygen
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Iron
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Blood transports the most carbon dioxide by which of the following?
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As bicarbonate ions
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The most important signal that the brain uses to set the breathing rate is the level of blood
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Carbon dioxide
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Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure in the lungs is (L) than the air pressure outside of the lungs. This occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm (C)
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Lower contract
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What drives the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream?
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Diffusion down a concentration gradient
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Which of the following is a trend observed in the evolution of lungs in vertebrates?
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Increased surface area
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The maximum size of an insect is limited by respiration. Which of the following is the best explanation for this statement.
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Oxygen cannot diffuse very far through tissues
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Where is oxygen used in a eukaryotic cell?
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Mitochondria
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In the pulmonary circulation (CD) is expelled from the blood and (O) is picked up
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Carbon dioxide oxygen
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Blood in the pulmonary artery would have (L) oxygen and (M) carbon dioxide than blood in the pulmonary vein?
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Less more
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If an animal is an invertebrate this means that the animal
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Does not have a backbone
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Which of the following characteristics do all animals share?
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They are multi-cellular eukaryotes
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Which of the following characteristics do bacteria and archaea share
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They are both multi-cellular prokaryotes
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The embryonic germ layer of tissue in animals that develops into the skin and nervous system is
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Ectoderm
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The embryonic germ layer of tissue in animals that develops into the digestive tract and organs derived from the digestive tract is the
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Endoderm
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The embryonic germ layer of tissue in animals that develops into the muscles and reproductive system is
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Mesoderm
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The type of body symmetry in which only one plane divides the body into mirror images is
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Bilateral
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The type of body symmetry in which any plane divides the body into mirror Images is
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Radial symmetry ex: jelly fish
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The most successful phylum in regards to diversity and numbers is
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Arthropods ex: insects
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the phylum Chordata
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They have a notochord (us)
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An animal whose body temperature tends to fluctuate with the external environment is a(an)
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Ectoterm
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An animal that maintains their body temperature by using heat generated from their metabolism is a (an)
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Endotherm
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Which adaptations in fishes enabled vertebrates to thrive on land
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Lungs and limbs
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Which of the following is not an example of a mammal
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Penguin
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What is a penguin considered?
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Bird / reptile – because they do not make milk
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of mammals
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They are ectothermic
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Fossil and DNA evidence indicate that birds are members of a clade in which group?
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Reptiles
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The observation that TIktaalik had both gills and lungs suggest which of the following
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It could absorb oxygen from both the air and water
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Tiktaalik either crawled or paddled in shallow tropical streams about 380 mya during the late Devonian period. These shallow waters often became anaerobic. What selective advantage would Tiktaalik have under these conditions?
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It could lift its head out of the water and breathe air through its lungs.
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Based on the theory of endosymbiosis which of the following would you expect to find in a chloroplast?
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DNA
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What is the history of Chloroplast?
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It is circular / a bacteria / once by itself and then got engulfed by eukaryotic cells
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Do (P) contain both chloroplasts and mitochondria
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Plants
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Scientists have no way to measure objectively of
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The love that humans feel for a pet
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The type of behavior that does not require learning or experience to be performed correctly is
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Innate behavior
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An instantaneous automatic response to a stimulus is a(an)
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Reflex
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A sequence of innate behaviors that is performed to completion when triggered by an environmental stimulus is termed a
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Fixed action pattern
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A kind of rapid learning that occurs only during a restricted time early in the life of an animal is
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Imprinting
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A behavior in which an animal learns NOT to respond to a stimulus is
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Habituation
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The behavior in which an animal mates for life / lives with its mate / helps care for the young and defends the family is
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Monogamy which is rare in mammals (including us)
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A homing pigeon that uses landmarks to find its way back to its nest is engaging in
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Piloting
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Antler on a male deer and the lack of antlers on a female deer are examples of
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Sexual dimorphism
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Sexual dimorphism in humans is most likely due to which of the following
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Competition between males
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What is reciprocal altruism
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reciprocal – comes back altruism- giving without expectation (I scratch your back you scratch mine)
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In eusocial animals like ants the queen is diploid and the male is haploid. Why would female worker ants be more likely than other animals to engage in altruism - feeding the queen’s offspring
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They are more related to the queen’s offspring than they would be to their own offspring. More related to sisters than their own daughters
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What did the scientists conclude from the ADH EXPERIMENT?
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Increased ADH receptor in the reward are of the brain led to more bonding with a partner.
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What was the purpose of the Group B control from the figure ADH experiment?
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To determine if injection of any gene into the reward are of the brain caused a change in Bonding
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What was the purpose of the Group C control
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To determine if injection of the ADH receptor in other areas of the brain caused a change in bonding
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Introduction of the brown tree snake on Guam coincided with the disappearance of birds and small reptiles on the island. Which of the following lead to this decline?
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Predation by the snakes
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The brown tree snake in Guam had a ---- of about 100 snakes per acre
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Population density
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A group of organisms of one species occupying a geographical location at the same time is a
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Population
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What is population?
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One specific group or species in a particular area
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What is community?
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All groups of species in one particular area
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All of the organisms in a given location or area is termed a
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Community
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The study of the relationships among organisms and the environment is
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Ecology
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The type of population distribution seen when only portions of a habitat are the most favorable is
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Clumped distribution
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The type of population distribution seen when the habitat is relatively consistent and individuals do not strongly attract or repel one another is
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Random Distribution
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What is Random Distribution?
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Where individuals do not attract or repel one another yet the habitat is relatively consistent
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The type of population distribution seen when individuals strongly repel one another is
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Uniform distribution
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What is uniform distribution?
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They do not like each other but still have to live together while maintaining some space
Ex: Penguins |
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A population age structure diagram showing roughly equal numbers in each age group depicts a
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Stable population
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What is stable population?
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A population structure that consists of equal number in each age group
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In a survivorship curve a type I species like a human or elephant is a species that
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Has the highest probability of dying as it reaches its maximum life span
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Type I species
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Least likely to die in the beginning humans or elephant
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Type II species
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Risk of death is pretty equal at any age – song birds
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Type III species
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Highest probability of dying at birth – frogs and fishes
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In a survivorship curve a type II species like a song bird is a species that
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Has an equal probability of dying at any age
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In a survivorship curve a type III species like most insects and plants is a species that
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Has the highest probability of dying at a very young age
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The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support indefinitely is the habitats
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Carrying capacity
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What is Carrying capacity?
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Us – the allowed amount of individuals in a habitat
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A population with a large fraction of pre-reproductive individuals
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Is common in less-developed countries and will most likely increase in size
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A population with a large fraction of post-reproductive individuals
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Is common in more-developed countries and will most likely decrease in size
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An example of a density-independent factors that affects a population’s growth is
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Frost killing all of your tomato plants
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What is density-independent?
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Where the factor doesn’t care how many plants or organisms there are it will destroy all
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Based upon the population pyramid shown you would expect the Indian population to
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Grow exponentially
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A male firefly uses flashes of light to attract mates. A female is picking her mate based on these flashes leads to----
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Sexual selection
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When fireflies mate a male places a protein-rich packet of sperm called a spermatophore into the female’s reproductive tract both fertilizing the female and providing food for the eggs. Which of the following would be a selective advantage for females?
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Choosing a male with a large spermatophore.
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A species that is so important to its community (such as the sea otter) that their removal can dismantle a food web is termed a
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Keystone species
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What is keystone species?
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Where a species is so important that the removal causes a dismantle in the food web
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All the organisms plus the nonliving components of a defined are is a(an)
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Ecosystem
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What is ecosystem?
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The combination of the community and its environment
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Abiotic components of an ecosystem include
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Nonliving components only
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A genetic change in one species that selects for a subsequent change in a different species is termed
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Coevolution
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When two or more species vie for the same limited resource ---- occurs
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Competition
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What is species richness?
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Total number of species occupying a habitat must be high proportion of high diversity
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What is relative abundance?
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Proportion of the community that each species occupies
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Which of the following is not a type of symbiosis
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Predation
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What is Predation?
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When an organism can’t eat where they live – parasites
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What is Biotic?
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A living organism
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What is Abiotic?
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A non-living organism
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The type of succession that occurs in an area where no community previously existed is ---- succession
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Primary
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What is Primary succession?
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Volcano erupting – this causes NOTHING to be left
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What is Climax succession?
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Eventually leads to community that remains fairly constant
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What is secondary succession?
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Fire causes destruction – community disturbed but not destroyed. Still soil present
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An organism’s ---- is its position in the food chain relative to the ecosystem’s energy source
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Trophic level
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What is each step on a food web or chain called?
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Trophic level
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An organism that can use energy and inorganic substances to produce all the organic material it requires is a(an)
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Autotroph and producer
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What is an autotroph and producer?
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An organisms that is present by nature – makes its own food uses sun for energy ex: plant
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Organisms that obtain their energy from producers or other consumers are
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Heterotroph
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Decomposers
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Obtain nutrients from detritus return organic molecules to their inorganic form include bacteria and fungi
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Secondary consumers
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Are carnivores
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Primary consumers are
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Herbivores
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Producers
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Decomposers
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As an overall average about ---- of the energy at one trophic level is available to the next highest rank in the food chain
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Ten percent
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Biomagnification usually happens for chemicals that
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Are not readily degraded and dissolve fat
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In the water cycle animals return water to the environment by
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Respiration and excretion
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How do plants return water to the environment?
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Transpiration and excretion - cellular respiration
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Carbon returns to the atmosphere As carbon dioxide from
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respiration of plants by the burning of fossil fuels from respiration of animals
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What is a tertiary consumer – in the following scenario: walleye pike eats minnows that eat scuds (zooplankton) which eat algae (phytoplankton)
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Walleye pike
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Zooplankton are which of the following
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Primary consumer
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Mercury released from coal burning power plants would be at the highest concentration in
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Eagles that eat the walleye
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An example of food chain from top to bottom
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Eagles – walleye – minnows – zooplankton – phytoplankton
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An insect that resembles the face of a snake is using ---- to avoid predation
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Mimicry
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MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI OBTAIN FOOD FROM PLANTS IN EXHANGE FOR WATER AND NUTRIENTS. THIS IS An example of
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Mutualism
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Lichens live on the side of trees getting better access to the sun with no apparent harm to the tree. This is:
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Commensalism
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What is commensalism?
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Organism has no apparent harm to the host
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Mutualism is?
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When an organism obtains food from other organism in exchange for water and nutrients.
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Producers in hydrothermal vent ecosystems use ---- as their source of energy
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Chemicals
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The biosphere is defined as
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The portion of earth where life exists
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The major types of ecosystems are termed
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Biomes
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The different seasons of the year are due to
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The tilt of the earth’s axis as earth travels around the sun
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of all plants
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They are heterotrophs
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What are the characteristics of plants?
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They are multicellular organisms / autotrophic / eukaryotes with a nucleus / mitochondria / and carry out photosynthesis.
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In plants:
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The diploid zygote develops into the sporophyte.
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What is a diploid zygote?
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The cause of two haploid cells.
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What is a sporophyte?
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What happens after a diploid zygote goes through mitosis
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What happens to sporophyte after meiosis?
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It produces spores that form into haploid cells which go on their own life cycle
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The part of the plant that conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots of the leaves is the
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Xylem
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A plant embryo (young sporophyte) packaged with a food supply in a tough outer coat is
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Seed
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What is a gemmate?
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Sperm and egg
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What is a seed?
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Fertilized embryo
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The term gymnosperm literally means
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Naked seed – not fruit or flower bearing
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Flowers and fruit are unique to
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Angiosperms
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What is development of vascular tissue?
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Light / water / minerals and dissolved gases surround the whole body of submerged green alga and the buoyancy of water provides physical support. This is the adaptation of plants to make in taking up water and minerals when they moved to dry land.
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In sexual reproduction an alga simply releases gametes into the water and the current carries the sex cells to another individual. What adaptation did plants have to make in reproduction when they moved to dry land?
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Production of pollen
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The first land plants were bryophytes (mosses) which then branched into ferns
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gymnosperms
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What advantage did gymnosperms have over ferns?
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Gymnosperms produce pollen and do not require water to reproduce
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What advantage did angiosperms have over gymnosperms?
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Angiosperms can produce flowers and fruits to aid in seed dispersal.
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In alternation of generations a diploid sporophyte goes through meiosis to form ---- spores.
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Haploid
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Mitosis:
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Cloning of cell starts and finishes the same
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Meiosis:
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The cloning of cell changes from start to finish
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In alternation of generations a haploid gametophyte goes through mitosis to form a ---- gamete.
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Haploid
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What is a haploid?
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Exact copy when the egg splits
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In alternation of generations two haploid gametes fuse in fertilization to form a ---- Zygote.
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Diploid
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