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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Phylum Annelida - who? body cavity? diplo/triplo? proto/deutero?
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segmented worms; coelomate; triploblastic; protostome
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What are Oligochaetes and some characteristics of them?
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earthworms - few setae, have both mouth and anus, paired ganglia, closed circulatory system, one excretory system per segment, hermaphrodites (NO asexual)
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What are setae?
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bristels on each segment
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What are Polychaetes?
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"christmas tree" worms (ex) - parapodia, mostly marine
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What are Hirudina?
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leeches
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Phylum Arthropoda - body cavity? diplo/triplo? proto/deutero? circulatory system?
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coelomate; triploblastic; protostome; open circulatory system
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What is the exoskeleton of Arthropods composed of?
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chitin
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What are Subphylum Chelicerata?
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spiders, ticks, horseshoe crabs; have chelicerae - feeding appendages; no antenna; four pair walking legs
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What are Subphylum Uniramia?
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centipedes, millipedes, hexapoda (insects)
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What is entymology?
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the study of insects
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What are some characteristics of insects?
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six legs; sexual reproduction; undergo some kind of metamorphosis
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What is the general insect anatomy?
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head, thorax - 2 pair wings and legs, abdomen
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What is Subphylum Crustacea?
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"bugs of the sea;" antenna, walking legs on abdomen; exoskeleton hardened by calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
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What are some characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata?
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spiny skin, bilateral, triploblastic, deuterostomes, coelomates, sessile or slow moving, sexually reproduce
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What is an endoskeleton?
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hard, calcium-containing internal plates
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What does the water vascular system for Echinodermata do?
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inflates water filled sacs for movement; aids in motion, feeding, and gas exchange
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What are four unique characteristics of Phylum Chordata?
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notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and muscular post-anal tail
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What are the two groups of invertebrate Chordates?
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tunicates and lancets
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What are some characteristics of tunicates?
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U-shape body plan, sessile filter feeders
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What are some characteristics of lancets?
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blade-like shape, filter feeder
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What are some characteristics of Subphylum Vertebrata?
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notochord replaced with verterbra that makes up the spinal column; distinct head, highly cephalized
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What are Agnathans and what are some of their characteristics?
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jawless fish; no paired fins, either scavengers or parasites
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What are Chondricthyes and what are some of their characteristics?
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cartilaginous fish; active carnivores, well-developed senses
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What is the cloaca?
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common opening for excretory system, digestive tract, and reproductive tract
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What are Osteichthyes and what are some of their characteristics?
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bony fish; calcium phosphate endoskeleton, gas exchange primarily through gills, but some have simple lungs
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What are some characteristics of Amphibians?
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tetrapods, no gills, not totally free of water - need it for gas exchange and some reproduction
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What makes up an amniotic egg?
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outer shell, yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois
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What are some characteristics of Amniotes?
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amniote egg, ribs, less permeable skin, more elevated stance
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What are characteristics of Class Reptilia?
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scales with protein keratin, use lungs, sexually reproduce, ectothermic
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What does oviparous mean?
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eggs hatch outside of the mother's body
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What are characteristics of Class Aves?
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feathers, scales on legs, anatomical modifications for flight, endothermic
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What are characteristics of Class Mammalia?
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hair composed of keratin, mammary glands, four chambered heart, diaphragm, larger brain size, modified teeth for chewing
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What are the three groups of mammals?
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monotremes, marsupials, eutharian (placental)
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What are monotremes?
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lay eggs, do not have a placenta, have hair and milk
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What are marsupials?
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born very early in development, completely development while in a pouch
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What are the eutharian (placental) mammals?
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complete development in uterus, connected to mother and receive nutrition through placenta
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What is anatomy?
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study of the structure of the body and how its parts fit together
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What is physiology?
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how the parts of the body function
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What is homeostasis?
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maintaining a relatively stable environment
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what is negative feedback?
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mechanism for maintaining homeostasis - have some sort of element that brings about a response and that response reduces the element's activity
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What are the body cavities?
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dorsal and ventral
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What is in the dorsal body cavity?
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cranial and spinal cavities
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What is in the ventral cavity?
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thorascic - heart and lungs; abdominopelvic - digestive and excretory systems; diaphragm
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What are tissues?
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made up of groups of cells and their products that work to perform a common function
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What are organs?
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complexes of several tissue types that perform special bodily functions
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What are organ systems?
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collections of interrelated organs and tissues
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What are Epithelial Tissues?
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tissues that come in contact with the external environment; important as protective barriers and transport of nutrients
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What do glands do?
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secrete some sort of liquid-like substance
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What are Connective Tissues?
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stabilize and provide support; almost never come into contact with the external environment in normal situations
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What are Muscle Tissues and three kinds of them?
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have the specialized ability to contract; skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
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What is Nervous Tissue?
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specialized for transmitting electrical impulses; neurons carry signal back and forth
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What does the Integumentary System consist of?
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skin, hair, nails, and associated glands
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What are functions of the Integumentary System?
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control of body temp, protection against injury, infection, and water loss; barrier between internal and external environments; sensory inputs
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What is the epidermis?
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outermost layer - many layers of epithelial tissue
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What is the dermis?
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layer directly beneath the epidermis, contains hair follicles and sweat glands; connective tissue; blood vessels and nerves are very rich in this area
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What is the hypodermis?
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below the dermis, connective tissue; contains subcutaneous fat - important for thermoregulation
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What are the exocrine glands?
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secrete their products through tubes or ducts; sweat glands, sebaceous glands
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What do merocrine sweat glands do?
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produce perspiration
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What do apocrine sweat glands do?
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produce sweat mixed with other secretions that can allow bacteria to grow and cause body odor
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What do sebaceous glands do?
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secrete an oily substance called sebum - lubricates hair, limits bacterial growth on skin
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What protein are nails and hair made of?
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keratin
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
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support, calcium storage, protection, and movement
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What are ligaments?
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connect bones to other bones; made of collagen
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What are tendons?
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connect muscle to bone (***not part of the skeletal system)
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What is cartilage and what is it made of?
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acts as cushioning material; made up of collagen and chondroiton sulfate
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How many bones does the human body have?
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206
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What is the axial skeleton?
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skull, spine, and ribs
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What is the appendicular skeleton?
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arms, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and legs
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What are joints?
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places where bones meet
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What kind of joints are there?
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ball and socket, hinge, and pivot
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What is the long bone structure?
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diaphysis, epyphisis, red marrow, and yellow marrow
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Where is red marrow found and what's in it?
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in space of epiphyses, spongy bone; were red and white blood cells originate
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Where is yellow marrow found and what is it?
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surrounded by dense bone in the central marrow cavity; fatty storage tissue
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What is an osteoblast - what makes it up and what does it do?
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produces new bone, secretes collagen for flexibility; contains minerals - calcium, phosphate, and some magnesium for rigidity and strength
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What is an osteocyte and what does it do?
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mature bone cells formed from osteoblasts; maintains structure and density of normal bone
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What does an osteoclast do?
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breaks down bone to release calcium into the bloodstream
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What is an osteon?
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osteocyte that is surrounded by concentric rings of bone around the central canal
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What is skeletal muscle made up of?
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individual oval-shaped fasicle
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What is within the fasicle?
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separate muscle fibers
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What are sarcomeres?
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unit within a muscle fiber; gives muscle striated appearance
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What are the proteins in sarcomeres and what do they do?
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actin bands - very thin, connected to either end of the sarcomere; myosin bands - thicker band in center of sarcomere. Together, they allow muscles to contract.
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What begins a muscle contraction?
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nervous impulse - nerves transmit a signal to the muscle cell to cause contraction
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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small molecule secreted by a nerve that causes another cell to have some action
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What does a neurotransmitter cause?
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calcium release from specialized endoplasmic reticulum where it is stored
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During contraction, what happens to the actin proteins?
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they get pulled together
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What does myosin do during contraction?
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heads reach out to actin and pull back - each head breaks down 1 ATP to provide the necessary energy to reach out to actin and bind
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What is troponin?
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associated protein with actin, involved in calcium effect, and acts as an anchor for tropomyosin
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What is tropomyosin?
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associated protein with actin, involved in calcium effect, and found extended along actin in between troponin
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What does troponin do when it is bound to actin?
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it positions tropomyosin to prevent myosin from binding to actin
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What does troponin do when it binds to calcium?
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moves tropomyosin, unblocking myosin binding sites on actin, then myosin binds actin and muscle contracts
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What is a twitch?
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one cycle of myosin binding with actin, pulling and releasing
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What are fast twitch muscles?
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go through the process more quickly and generate more power
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What are slow twitch muscles?
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go through the process more slowly and generate less power, but can sustain that power for a longer period of time
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Why can slow twitch muscles sustain power for a longer period of time?
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have a high amount of myoglobin protein that binds oxygen in the muscle
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What are functions of the nervous system?
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receive information, process that information, and send out instructions
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What are the two types of nervous tissue?
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neurons, glial cells
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The Nervous System is divided into the __ and __. These are further divided into...
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CNS; PNS - afferent and efferent. under efferent - somatic and autonomic. under autonoic - sympathetic, and parasympathetic
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What does a neuron consist of?
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dendrites, axon, and synaptic terminals
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What are the three types of neurons?
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sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons
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What is the myelin sheath?
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wrapping of glial cell membrane around the axon
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What do glial cells do?
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support tissue for neurons, clean up dead or damaged tissue, may modify neuronal signals, and may control how neurons communicate
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What is a nerve?
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bundle of axons in the PNS
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What is membrane potential?
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the charge difference across the membrane
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