Bio Exam 2

Front 1

Sedimentary rock

Back 1

Layer of rock where fossils are found.

Front 2

Catastrophism

Back 2

Each boundary between strata corresponds to a catastrophe.

Front 3

Theory of gradualism

Back 3

Change is the product of slow and continuous processes

Front 4

Theory of uniformitarianism

Back 4

Processes seen today are same processes occurring in the past

Front 5

Jean lamarck

Back 5

Evolution of individuals

All species desire to be perfect

-use and disuse

-inheritance of acquired traits

Front 6

Use and disuse

Back 6

Characteristics used are kept, if not used they are lost.

Front 7

Inheritance of acquired traits

Back 7

Traits acquired by adults then passed to children.

-Giraffes and long necks

Front 8

Artificial selection

Back 8

Humans selecting and breeding desired traits in animals.

Front 9

Darwin

Back 9

Populations evolve

Front 10

5 theories of Darwin evolution

Back 10

1. Perpetual change

2. Gradualism

3. Common descent

4. Speciation

5. Natural selection

Front 11

What is required for natural selection to occur?

Back 11

1. Variation in characteristics

2. Heritability

3. Over production to produce competition

4. Differential fittness

Front 12

Variation

Back 12

Change in traits

Front 13

Heritable

Back 13

Passed to next generation

Front 14

Differential fitness

Back 14

Variation in survival and reproduction.

Front 15

Adaptation

Back 15

1. Changing to improve survival/reproduction in an environment

2. Evolutionary modifications over time to improve fitness

Front 16

Populations evolution

Back 16

Natural selection acts on INDIVIDUALS to evolve POPULATIONS

Front 17

Homology

Back 17

Shared traits due to common ancestor

1. Mammal forelimbs

2. Vestigial structures

Front 18

Biogeography

Back 18

Graphic distribution of species

Front 19

Heterozygous

Back 19

Different gene variants (Aa)

Front 20

Homozyguys

Back 20

Same gene variant (AA/aa)

Front 21

Dominant allele

Back 21

Allele that is expressed

Front 22

Recessive

Back 22

Allele that is not expressed

Front 23

Allele

Back 23

Different form of the same gene

Front 24

Gene

Back 24

Unit of inheritance

Front 25

Chromosome

Back 25

?

Front 26

Evolution

Back 26

Change over time

Front 27

Modern evolutionary synthesis

Back 27

Darwin evolution + mendelian genetics

Front 28

Genotype

Back 28

Genetic make up of an organism (set of alleles)

Front 29

Phenotype

Back 29

Physical expression of genotype

Front 30

Microevolution

Back 30

Changes in allele frequencies in populations over generations

Front 31

Mutation

Back 31

Main source of genetic variatiob

Front 32

Polymorphism

Back 32

Genetic character WITHIN a population that is represented in 2 or more forms

1. Eye color

2. Heigh

3. Color of finches

Front 33

Geographic variation

Back 33

Variation among populations within a species.

1. Brown squirrel vs black squirrel vs black/white squirrel

Front 34

Population genetics

Back 34

Study of the genetic variation within populations and their processes

Front 35

Population

Back 35

Group of inbreeding individuals of same species in a given area

Front 36

Gene pool

Back 36

Collection of shared genetic material

Front 37

Allele frequency

Back 37

Proportion of populations gene pool of specific allele

p= all copies A/ all alleles

q= all copies a/ all alleles

Front 38

Hardy-weinberg equilibrium

Back 38

No change in allele frequency over time (null hypothesis)

Genotypic freq. = p2 + 2pq + q2