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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Sedimentary rock

Layer of rock where fossils are found.

Catastrophism

Each boundary between strata corresponds to a catastrophe.

Theory of gradualism

Change is the product of slow and continuous processes

Theory of uniformitarianism

Processes seen today are same processes occurring in the past

Jean lamarck

Evolution of individuals



All species desire to be perfect


-use and disuse


-inheritance of acquired traits

Use and disuse

Characteristics used are kept, if not used they are lost.

Inheritance of acquired traits

Traits acquired by adults then passed to children.



-Giraffes and long necks

Artificial selection

Humans selecting and breeding desired traits in animals.

Darwin

Populations evolve

5 theories of Darwin evolution

1. Perpetual change


2. Gradualism


3. Common descent


4. Speciation


5. Natural selection

What is required for natural selection to occur?

1. Variation in characteristics


2. Heritability


3. Over production to produce competition


4. Differential fittness

Variation

Change in traits

Heritable

Passed to next generation

Differential fitness

Variation in survival and reproduction.

Adaptation

1. Changing to improve survival/reproduction in an environment


2. Evolutionary modifications over time to improve fitness


Populations evolution

Natural selection acts on INDIVIDUALS to evolve POPULATIONS

Homology

Shared traits due to common ancestor



1. Mammal forelimbs


2. Vestigial structures

Biogeography

Graphic distribution of species


Heterozygous

Different gene variants (Aa)

Homozyguys

Same gene variant (AA/aa)

Dominant allele

Allele that is expressed

Recessive

Allele that is not expressed

Allele

Different form of the same gene

Gene

Unit of inheritance

Chromosome

?

Evolution

Change over time

Modern evolutionary synthesis

Darwin evolution + mendelian genetics

Genotype

Genetic make up of an organism (set of alleles)

Phenotype

Physical expression of genotype

Microevolution

Changes in allele frequencies in populations over generations

Mutation

Main source of genetic variatiob

Polymorphism

Genetic character WITHIN a population that is represented in 2 or more forms



1. Eye color


2. Heigh


3. Color of finches

Geographic variation

Variation among populations within a species.



1. Brown squirrel vs black squirrel vs black/white squirrel

Population genetics

Study of the genetic variation within populations and their processes

Population

Group of inbreeding individuals of same species in a given area

Gene pool

Collection of shared genetic material

Allele frequency

Proportion of populations gene pool of specific allele



p= all copies A/ all alleles


q= all copies a/ all alleles

Hardy-weinberg equilibrium

No change in allele frequency over time (null hypothesis)



Genotypic freq. = p2 + 2pq + q2