Bio Chapter 4 Flashcards

Front 1

Nucleus

Back 1

1. Cell control center, 2. surrounded by a double membrane envelope w/ protein-lined pores 3. Contains most of the cell’s DNA

Front 2

Transport vesicle

Back 2

1. Contains chromatin, 2. carries secretions for export of cell, 3. buds off from GA, 4 how proteins get from the ER to GA

Front 3

Central Vacuole

Back 3

1.Stores water, needed chemicals, and 2. plant pigments and/or poisions. In plants, vacuoles may: have digestive functions, contain pigments, or contain poisons that protect the plant.

Front 4

Smooth ER*

Back 4

1. Manufactures lipids, 2. breaks down drug toxins, 3.stores calcium ions, 4. enlargement=drug tolerance raised (lacks attached ribosomes)

Front 5

Rough ER*

Back 5

1. Makes cell membranes, 2. numerous ribosomes give its name, 3.make and modify proteins for secretion (export) from cell, 4. sends transport vesicles containing proteins to GA (lines outer surface of membranes)

Front 6

Lysosome*

Back 6

1.Sac of digestive enzymes(proteins), 2.defective in Tay-Sachs disease,3. digests food, waste, and foreign substances, 4. fuses w/ food vacuole and digests contents 5.help to remove or digest damaged parts of a cell.

Front 7

Golgi Apparatus (GA)*

Back 7

1. “Ships” products to p. membrane, outside, or other organelles 2. Takes in transport vesicles from ER and modifies their contents 3.“labels” and sorts molecules to be sent to other destinations 4.Looks like a sac of flattened sacs 4. Buds from here become lysosomes. (It serves as a molecular warehouse and finishing factory for products manufactured by the ER)

Front 8

Contractile vacuole*

Back 8

Some protists have contractile vacuoles that help to eliminate water from the protist

Front 9

Ribosome

Back 9

1. makes protein 2. Nonmembranous organelle 3. Carries out mRNA instructions from nucleus 4. May be “free” or “bound”

Front 10

Plasma membrane *

Back 10

1. Boundary between the cell and it’s surroundings 2. Phospholipid bilayer with proteins which control flow in and out of cell **Some proteins form channels or tunnels that shield ions and other hydrophilic molecules as they pass through the hydrophobic center of the membrane. Other proteins serve as pumps, using energy to actively transport molecules into or out of the cell.

Front 11

Nucleolus

Back 11

1. structure in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is made

Front 12

Peroxisome

Back 12

1. Digestive sac not related to endomembrane functions

Front 13

Cell wall

Back 13

protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright against gravity and is primarily composed of cellulose.

Front 14

Cytoplasm

Back 14

Holds the cell’s organelles together, holds cell against gravity, made of cellulose

Front 15

Flagellum

Back 15

Long projections on surfaces of prokaryotes that propel the cell through liquid

Front 16

Nuclear envelope*

Back 16

Double membrane that has pores which allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus

Front 17

Chloroplast

Back 17

the photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthesizing eukaryotes

Front 18

Cytoskeleton

Back 18

Functions in the cytoskeleton and motility

Front 19

Centriole

Back 19

Made up of nine microtubules, helps in cell structure

Front 20

Extracellular matrix

Back 20

helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane

Front 21

Plasmodesmata

Back 21

Serves in communications between cells, sticky layer that holds animal cells together. Linked to cytoskeleton. Made mostly of collagen

Front 22

Cell junction

Back 22

Communication between cells, binding of cells in tissue

Front 23

Nucleoid

Back 23

Region where the DNA of prokaryotic cells is coiled

Front 24

Mitochondria

Back 24

are organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotes

Front 25

What do prokaryotes and eukaryotes share and what do they not share?

Back 25

Eukaryotes have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and many organelles, while prokaryotes have nucleoids and no true organelles. Both types of cells have a plasma membrane and at least one chromosome and ribosome.

Front 26

Name the four functions of the eukaryote and what organelles perform them.

Back 26

Genetic control of the cell is performed by the Nucleus and Ribosome. Manufacturing, distribution, and breakdown of molecules is carried out by the ER, GA, lysosome, peroxisome, transport vesicles, vacuoles, and the nuclear envelope. The mitochondria (all eukaryotes) and chloroplast (plant cells) are the power houses of the cell. Structural support and movement are performed by the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, cell wall, flagella, transport vesicles, extracellular matrix, cell junctions, and cilia.

Front 27

Compare and contrast electron and light microscopes.

Back 27

Electron microscopes shoot a beam of elections through a specimen (that cannot be living) and can magnify up to 2nm, or 100,000x. Light microscopes show light through a specimen (either living or nonliving) and can magnify up to 1,000x.

Front 28

Explain how cell size is vital to life.

Back 28

Cell size must be large enough to house DNA, proteins, and structures that support survival and reproduction, but small enough to have a surface to volume ratio that allows adequate exchange with the environment.

Front 29

Compare and contrast mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Back 29

Mitochondria transfer chemical energy in foods into ATP energy (cellular respiration). Chloroplasts convert solar energy to sugar in plants (photosynthesis). Both evolved through endosymbiosis from prokaryotes.