Bio 100 Chapter 10 (Final)

Front 1

Nucleotides

Back 1

Monomers of nucleic acids

Front 2

Polynucleotide

Back 2

A chain of monomers made up of nucleic acids

Front 3

Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

Back 3

An arrangement of sugar group to phosphate group that makes up the back of DNA. Nitrogen bases attach to the sugar.

Front 4

4 Nitrogen bases

Back 4

Thymine and Cytosin (single ring) and Adenine and guanine (double ring). Uracil replaces thymine in RNA.

Front 5

What's in a DNA nucleotide?

Back 5

1.) Phosphate group

2.) Sugar (deoxyribose)

3.) Nitrogen base (Thyamine, Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine)

Front 6

Purines

Back 6

Have two rings of carbon they're Adenine and Guanine

Front 7

Pyrimidines

Back 7

Have one ring of carbon they're Cytosine and Thyamine

Front 8

Uracil

Back 8

Replaces Thyamine in the various RNA sequences (tRNA and mRNA).

Front 9

Nitrogen base pairs

Back 9

Cytosine and Guanine share a triple bond, Adenine and Thyamine share a double bond.

Front 10

DNA double helix

Back 10

Base pairs need to have one double ring and one single ring to ensure that all of the pairs are the same length. Hydrogen bonds can only be formed between specific combinations of these pairs.

Front 11

DNA Polymerases

Back 11

The enzymes responsible for making new covalent bonds between the nucleotides of a new DNA strand

Front 12

How does complimentary base pairing make it possible for DNA replication

Back 12

Because it's always going to be the same pair on either side (one strand will get an A from T and vice versa). When the new strand comes together it will be an exact copy.

Front 13

Transcription

Back 13

Transfer of DNA to RNA

Front 14

Translation

Back 14

Transfer of RNA into a polypeptide strand

Front 15

Codon

Back 15

3 nucleotide bases that when placed together refer to a specific polypeptide.

Front 16

AUG

Back 16

Start codon (Met)

Front 17

UAA, UAG, UGA

Back 17

Stop codon

Front 18

Stages of Transcription

Back 18

1.) Initiation

2.) RNA Elongation

3.) Termination

Front 19

Initiation of Transcription (1)

Back 19

Involves the attachment of the promoter and RNA polymerase to each other.

Front 20

Promoter

Back 20

A sequence of nucleotides that tell you where to start the RNA replicaiton.

Front 21

RNA Elongation (2)

Back 21

RNA grows longer and begins to separate when it gets to a certain length. This allows the DNA to reattach itself in certain areas.

Front 22

Termination of Transcription (3)

Back 22

RNA polymerase reaches a sequence of nucleotides that are called a terminator. This is where it detaches allowing the DNA to come back together.

Front 23

RNA Process Cap and Tail

Back 23

Cap and Tail are additions to the end of the RNA strands to help protect it from attack as well as aid in recognition

Front 24

RNA Process Exons and Introns

Back 24

Exons are the parts of RNA that express genes while Introns are fillers. RNA splicing removes the introns leaving the exons.

Front 25

RNA splicing

Back 25

The process of removing Introns just leaving exons left over for RNA.

Front 26

Anticondon

Back 26

A triplet that is complimentary to the codon on mRNA

Front 27

Ribosomes

Back 27

Organelle in the cytoplasm that dictates the actions of mRNA and rRNA to form polypetides.

Front 28

Translation - Initiation (1)

Back 28

-mRNA binds to the small ribosomal subunit, tRNA start codon brings met (start of the polypeptide).

- Large ribosomal subunit than comes and binds creating a functional group

Front 29

Translation (2)

Back 29

-The anticodon of the incoming tRNA molecule comes and binds to the mRNA codon in the A site

-The polypeptide leaves the the tRNA in the P site and it attaches that the one in the A site

- The P site tRNA now leaves the subunit and the ribosome moves the A site to the P site.

Front 30

Termination (3)

Back 30

Once it reaches a stop codon in the A site and it's released. The ribosome than splits again.

Front 31

Summary of DNA/RNA

Back 31

1.) Transcription

2.) RNA Processing

3.) Amino Acid Attachment

4.) Initiation of Translation

5.) Elongation

6.) Termination

Front 32

Mutation

Back 32

Any changes in a nucleotide sequence that was not intended

Front 33

Mutation - Base Substitution

Back 33

Change one of the nucleotides. May or may not effect the expression of the protein

Front 34

Mutation - Nucleotide Deletion

Back 34

Delete a nucleotide. This can be more harmful since it can effect the codon that lost the nucleotide as well as all of the ones after that

Front 35

Mutation - Nucleotide Insertion

Back 35

Add a nucleotide. This is the same as deletion

Front 36

Mutagens

Back 36

Physical and chemical agents that cause mutations in DNA and RNA sequences. EX: X-rays

Front 37

Virus

Back 37

An infectious particle that is basically just a gene. Viruses cannot reproduce on their own instead they need a host to splice with

Front 38

Baceriophages or phages

Back 38

Cells that are designed to infect bacteria cells. They have 3 legs that bend when they touch the bacteria allowing the middle portion to coil like a spring and release to puncture the cell.

Front 39

Lytic Cycle

Back 39

Reproductive cycle of a phage once it enters a bacteria. Many copies are produced

Front 40

Lysogenic Cycle

Back 40

Virus DNA reproduces without the production of a phage or death of the host cell

Front 41

LYTIC CYCLE

Back 41

1.) Phage attaches to cell

2.) Phage DNA circulates

3.) New phage DNA and proteins are synthesized

4.) Phages are released and allowed to infect other cells

Front 42

LYSOGENIC CYCLE

Back 42

1.) Phage attaches to cell

2.) Phage DNA circulates

3.) Phage DNA inserts into DNA (The phage sequence is called a prophage)

4.) Lysogenic bacterium reproduces naturally spreading the infected DNA

4A.) Occasionally the prophage leaves the chromosome

Front 43

Plant Viruses

Back 43

Most have RNA not DNA as the genetic code. Plant viruses must get past the tough epidermal of the plant making those that are damaged by wind, temperature etc... more susceptible

Front 44

Animal Viruses Reproductive Process

Back 44

1.) Virus enters and allows the protein coated RNA to escape in the cytoplasm.

2.) Enzymes remove proteins

3.) Enzymes from the virus synthesize new RNA strands from the original

4.) Some of these will make new mRNA strands

4A.) Others will be a template for more RNA

5.) New coat proteins ensemble around the new viral RNA

6.) The virus leaves the cell disguised in the plasma membrane

Front 45

AIDS and HIV

Back 45

Is a retrovirus that reproduces backwards RNA to DNA

Front 46

Reverse Transcriptase

Back 46

An enzyme that catalyses reverse transcription the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template.

Front 47

Steps of reproduction of HIV/AIDS

Back 47

1.) Uses RNA to make DNA strands

2.) Adds a second complimentary DNA strand

3.) These strands enter the cell and insert itself into the Chromosomes and becomes and provirus

4.) This provirus is transcribed into RNA

5.) Translated into viral proteins

6.) New virus are made and leave the cell to infect other cells

Front 48

Ways to slow HIV/AIDS (2 methods)

Back 48

1.) Helps inhibit the actions of enzymes called proteases which make proteins for HIV

2.) Inhibit the actions of reverse transcriptase

Front 49

Prions

Back 49

Cause brain diseases. It cause misfolding of proteins, as it enters a cell it manipulates the proteins causing them to fold differently, they than clump together and cause loss of tissue and other problems.

Front 50

Viroids

Back 50

Small RNA molecules that infect plants and interfere with regulatory systems that control growth

Front 51

Emerging Viruses

Back 51

New viruses that suddenly become apparent to medical personal and scientists.