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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Heterotroph
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Animal that obtains their nutrition by eating other organisms
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Autotroph
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Animal that traps solar energy through photosynthesis and uses it to synthesize all of their components
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Metabolic rate
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Measure of the overall energy needs that must be met by the animal’s food
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What components of food make up energy?
(list them in the order that they are metabolized in the body) |
1) Carbohydrates
2) Fats 3) Proteins |
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Where are carbs stored and what as?
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Stored in LIVER and MUSCLE cells as GLYCOGEN
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What is the most important form of stored energy?
Why? |
Fat
- More energy per gram than glycogen - Stored with little associated water, making it more compact |
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Tell me about PROTEIN...
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NOT used to store energy but it can be used as a last resort
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Kwashiorkor
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Disease in which a person has too little protein to support body functions
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Essential Amino Acids
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Amino acids that must be aquired through food because they cannot be synthesized by the body
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What is an example of a group of essential nutrients?
What do they function as? |
VITAMINS
- They function as coenzymes |
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Saprobes
(examples?) |
Absorb nutrients from dead organic matter
(ex. protists and fungi) |
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Detritivores
(examples?) |
Actively feed on dead organic material
(ex. earthworms and crabs) |
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Predators
(types?) |
Animals that feed on living organisms
- Herbivores - Carnivores - Omnivores |
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Filter feeders
(examples?) |
Filter organisms from the aquatic environment
(ex. some whales) |
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Fluid feeders
(examples?) |
Obtain food from the fluids produced by various organisms
(ex. mammals) |
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What type of teeth DON'T herbivores use?
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Canine teeth
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How do nutrients enter the body?
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By crossing the plasma membranes of cells lining the gut
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What have the parts of the gut that absorb nutrients evolved and why?
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VILLI and MICROVILLI
- Present large surface areas to maximize nutrient absorption |
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How many layers of tissue does the veterbrate gut have?
What is the first/outermost layer called? |
- 4 layers
- Mucosa |
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Peristalsis
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A wave of smooth muscle contraction that pushes food from the esophagus into the stomach
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What is the major enzyme produced by the stomach?
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Pepsin
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What is the function of Hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
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- Maintains a pH level of 1-3 in stomach fluid
- Activates the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin |
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What is the function of mucus in the stomach?
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Coats the walls of the stomach and protects them from being eroded and digested by HCl and pepsin
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Chyme
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Acidic mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food
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Where do peristaltic contractions of the stomach move chyme?
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From stomach to intestine via pyloric sphincter
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What happens in the small intestine? (what continues/begins)
How long is it? |
- The digestion of carbs and proteins continues
- Digestion of fats and absorption of nutrients begins - 6 meters long |
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What is the function of BILE?
Where is it secreted and where is it stored? |
- Emulsifer: substance that prevents oil droplets from aggregatung (lumping together)
- Digests fats - Secreted by the LIVER - Stored in the GALLBLADDER |
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What is the function of the PANCREAS?
(what does the pancreas produce and what does it function as?) |
Neutralizes the pH of chyme from the stomach
- Enzymes - Bicarbonate solution - Functions as both an endocrine and an exocrine gland |
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Micelles
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The small fat particles surrounded by bile molecules
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What is bile synthesized from?
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Cholesterol
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What is the function of the COLON?
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- Absorbs water and ions
- Produces semisolid feces from indigestible material |
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What is the function of the LIVER?
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Directs traffic of nutrients that fuel metabolism
- Interconverts fuel molecules - Controls glucogenesis |
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Glucogenesis
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Process in which the liver converts certain amino acids and other molecules into GLUCOSE
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What happens during the absorptive period?
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Blood glucose gets too high so the pancreas releases INSULIN which causes glucose to be stored as GLYCOGEN
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What happens during the post-absorptive period?
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Blood glucose gets too low so the pancreas produces GLUCAGON which stimulates the liver to produce glucose (glycogen breaks back down in glucose) by glucogenesis
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Bioaccumulation
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The increased concentration of toxins in predators that eat contaminated prey
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