Bio: Cell Cycle And Diversity

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Mitosis

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Nuclear division that produces genetically identical daughter cells and identical to their parents.

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Interphase

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Phase of cell cycle where the cell is not dividing but subdivided into the growth and synthesis phase.

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G 0 phase

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•resting phase during early G1 at restrictionn point.

•cells may under apoptosis is are not normal and have undergone a mutation

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What is RNA

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Ribonucleic Acid

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What happens at the G1 phase/ growth phase?

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•Cells grow

•RNA is made

•organelles duplicate

● ensures that the cell is ready to enter s-phase and begin DNA synthesis.

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What happens in the S-phase?

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DNA replication occurs

Chromosomes are unwound and duplicated each one consisting of a pair of sister chromatids

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What happens at G2 phase

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•cell continues to grow

•Ensure that the cell is ready for mitosis by stimulation of proteins that are involved.

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M phase

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•Check point chemical triggers condesnation of chromatin

•cell growth stops

•Mitosis starts

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What is the restriction point

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1st checkpoint between G1 and s phase and it ensures that:

•the cell is ready to enter S-phase

•if mutation is found. Cell may enter G0

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How is the cell cycle regulated?

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• 2 checkpoins which:

•Prevent uncontrolled division that would lead to tumours/ cancers.

•detect and repair damage to DNA

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Why is cell cycle happens once in a specific sequence

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To replicate DNA once during cell cycle and prevent cancer cell growtg

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What is a karyotype?

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A photomicrograph of chromosomes in a cell

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What is a chromatid

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Repliate of chromosome

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Stages of Mitosis

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Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Teleophase

Cytokenesis

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What happens at the G2/M checkpoint?

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•Chemicals make sure cell is ready for mitosis by forming proteins that make chromatins condence and in formation of the spindle.

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What is a Haploid cell?

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A cell containing only one set of chromosomes, represented by the symbol. 'n'.

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Example of a haploid cell?

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Gamete cells

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What is a synapsis forming bivalent

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The pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occur during meiosis

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How meiosis produces genetic variation?

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•Independent assprtment of chromosomes in Metaphase 1

•Independent assortment of chramitds in Metaphase 2

•Haploid gametes produced that can undergo random fusion with gametes derived from another organisms from the same species.

•Crossing over during prophase 1 shuffels alleles

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What happens during Metaphase 1

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•Chromosomes lying on the equator of the cell

•Independent assortment of chromosomes

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What happens during metaphase 2

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•chromosomes line on equator

•Independent assortment of Chramatids

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What is synapsis

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The fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.

The formation of bivalents

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What is bivalent

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When homologous chromosomes are attatched in pairs

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What is chiosmata

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A point where paired chromatids overlap at which fusion and exchange of genetic material take place during prophase of meiosis

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Difference between synapsis and chiasmata formation

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Synapsis is the fusion of chromosome pairs during meiosis whereas chiasmatais the point of overlap of paired chromatids at which fusion and exchange of genetical material take place is prophase 1

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What is the significance of chiostmata

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Paired chromatids overlap and exchabge genetic material. This is significant as new combinations are made giving more variation.

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What cell divisiondo bivalents form and what stage.

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Meiosis

Early prophase

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What is a stem cell

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Unspecalised cell that has the ability to express all of its genes and divide by mitosis.

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Differentiation

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The process by which stem cells become specalised into different types of cells.

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Blood pressure is vessels

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What is oncotic pressure

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The pressure created by the osmotic pressure created by solutes (protein)

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What is lymph

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The fluid held in the lymphatic system which is a system of tubes that returns excess tissue fluid back to the blood stream

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Hydrostatic pressure

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Aterial end The pressure that fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container.

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What is the plasma

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The fluid portion of the blood

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Tissue fluid

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The fluid surround cells and tissues which comes from blood plasma leaking from the capillaries

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What is in the blood plasma?

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Dissolved substances such as: oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Minerals

Glucose

Amino acids

Hormones

Plasma protein

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What is blood

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Plasma

Eurethrocytes

Leucocytes

Platelets