Bio-5A: Macromolecules

Front 1

Carbohydrates are also known as..
Examples of carbs in plants include..
Carbs consist of

Back 1

sugars or saccharides. cellulose and starch. C, O, H

Front 2

How is a monosaccharide composed (think OHs and Carbonyls). Thereore, what is the general chemical formula of a monosac.

Back 2

at least three carbons, with ahydroxyl (–OH) on every carbon except one; thatremaining carbon has a carbonyl (C=O). Cn(H2O)n where n >or=3

Front 3

What is the difference between an aldose and a ketose? What are they?

Back 3

If the carbonyl (shaded red) is at the end ofthe molecule, the monosaccharide is called an aldose, andif it is in the middle, it is called a ketose.

Front 4

What are trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses andheptoses

Back 4

monos w/ 3-7 carbons

Front 5

What are some important functions of monos?

Back 5

The trioses form during glucose breakdown or synthesis. Ribose is a sugar that is part of RNA.Ribulose is important during photosynthesis. And glucose, galactose and fructose are energy sources

Front 6

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucoses (pentoses and hexoses in ring form)?

Back 6

The position of the new hydroxyl can be either below the planeof the ring opposite the CH2OH, making α-glucose, or above thering, making β-glucose

Front 7

What are dissacharides? How are they produced? what are the bonds between them called?

Back 7

Two monosaccharides can be covalently joined together. deydration reaction. glycosidic bonds- 2 OHs bond to make water and leave an oxygen connection the two monos.

Front 8

What are storage polys? what are structural polys? how do they differ? examples of each

Back 8

Storage polysaccharides are polymers of α-glucose that are used to store energy. example: starch and gycogen. Structural polysaccharides are used to build structuresfound in cells or tissues from many polymers of beta-glucose. example: cellulose and chitin

Front 9

What are lipids?

Back 9

Lipids are a large group of molecules that are mostly hydrophobic.They consist primarily of C-H and C-C bonds, which are strongnonpolar covalent bonds

Front 10

Are lipids true polymers? why or why not?

Back 10

no, becausethey cannot be made arbitrarily large the same way carbohydrates,proteins and nucleic acids can.

Front 11

What are the main three lipids we discussed in class?

Back 11

fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

Front 12

what do fats consist of? what are fatty acids.

Back 12

fatty acids joined to glycerol. Fatty acids are long HC chains with a carboxylic acid on one end.

Front 13

What is the difference bw saturated and unsaturated. give examples. Are double bonds usually cis or trans? What do cis bonds look like in the fatty acid?

Back 13

sat= no double bonds. ex: animal fat
unsat = double bonds. ex: plant and fish fat.
usually cis, which look like kinks so they dont pack densely.

Front 14

What is hydrogenation. How does this happen? What is sometimes made in this process? Bad fats ___ LDL cholesterol and ___ HDL cholesterol

Back 14

They can be made more solid by turning the double bonds intosingle bonds using a catalyst to add hydrogen. Trans fats are made sometimes. raise bad and lower good

Front 15

What are phospholipids?

Back 15

They make up cell membranes. They are similar to aglycerol with only two hydrophobic fatty acids attached (i.e. adiglyceride), but with additional functional groups that generatea hydrophilic region.

Front 16

What are steroids?

Back 16

represent a class of molecules that are similar tocholesterol, which has a flat “planar” structure that isalmost all C or H

Front 17

What are proteins?

Back 17

representsone or more polypeptides that carry out a specific function that is dictated by their structure and shape.

Front 18

What is a polypeptide? every polypeptide corresponds to a ____.

Back 18

is a polymer of amino acids madeduring the process of translation. gene

Front 19

What is an amino acid?

Back 19

Amino acids have an amino on one side and a carboxyl on the other. A carbon in themiddle, called the α-carbon, is attached to these two groups plus a hydrogen and a sidechain (‘R’)

Front 20

What gives each amino acid its name? how many amino acids found in proteins in nature?

Back 20

The R' side chain. 20.

Front 21

How are polypeptides made. What bond is made?

Back 21

joined together bypeptide bonds in an overall dehydration reaction. The –OH of acarboxyl group will bond with the –H of an amino group to form awater molecule (H2O) and create a peptide bond.

Front 22

How can you quickly identify polypeptides? What is responsible for an enzymes catalytic activity?

Back 22

the NCC backbone. the shape of an enzyme which is dictated by its amino acid sequence.

Front 23

What are the four protein structure? describe each and how you could distinguish each.

Back 23

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.
primary: its sequence of amino acids, s dictated by the sequence of bases in a messenger RNA (mRNA), which in turn is copiedfrom a gene (a segment of DNA).
secondary: describes hydrogen bonds that occur between the oxygen inC=O and hydrogen in H-N between different regions of the polypeptide backbone. create α-helix (side chains point out) and the β-pleated (side chains perpendicular to plane of sheet) sheet.
tertiary: interactions that occur between amino acid sidechains. 4 types: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridge, hydrophobic interactions and van der waals interactions
quaternary: When multiple polypeptides interact to form a protein,the protein

Front 24

What are the two types of nucleic acids? what is the central dogma?

Back 24

ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA). DNA undergoestranscription to make messenger RNA (mRNA), which undergoes translation to makeprotein.

Front 25

What is a nucleotide? What are the three parts?

Back 25

The nucleic acid building block.

Front 26

What is joined to each carbon (1'-5')

Back 26

Front 27

What are the 5 bases a nitrogenous base can be? How are they each categorized (2 options). What is the difference between these categorizations?

Back 27

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) anduracil (U). The bases A and G are purines and have two rings, while C, T and U are pyrimidines and only have a single ring.

Front 28

How are nucleotides bonded?so that the backbone consists of alternating _____ and ______,with the________ attached to the _______

Back 28

phosphodiester bonds.
sugars, phosphates, Nbases, sugars

Front 29

Polynucleotide strands can pair together by forming _____ bonds between functional groups on thenitrogenous bases. how do the bases pair?

Back 29

Hydrogen. AT (U in RNA), GC

Front 30

What are polymerases?

Back 30

Polynucleotide strands(DNA or RNA) are synthesized by enzymes called polymerases, using nucleoside triphosphates as buildingblocks, and a pre-existing DNA molecule as a template.

Front 31

How do the macromolecules relate?

Back 31

Front 32

How does DNA and RNA store genetic info?

Back 32

as the order ofthe bases along the length of the molecules