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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Metabolism |
The sum total of all the chemical reactions in an organism |
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Catabolic reaction |
A reaction that breaks down complex molecules to release energy |
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Anabolic reaction |
Build energy A reaction that consumes energy to assemble simple molecules into more complex ones |
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Gibbs free energy |
a chemical energy in chemical bonds |
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-G |
Exergonic reaction |
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+G |
Endergonic |
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ATP is generated by... |
Is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP |
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3 main ways to make atp |
Substrate level phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation Photophosphorylation |
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Metabolic pathway |
Is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell |
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Collision theory |
States that's chemical reactions can occur when atoms ions and molecules collide. |
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Activation energy is needed to |
Is needed to disrupt electronic configurations |
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Reaction rate |
Is the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction |
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Apoenzyme |
Protein portion of holoenzyme |
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Cofactor |
Nonprotein component that activates the holoenzyme |
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Holoenzyme |
The whole active enzyme with cofactor and apoenzyme |
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Competitive inhibition |
Competitive inhibitor a substance that bonds to the active sites and blocks binding of substrate |
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Non-competitive |
A substance that binds a non-active site and alters the shape |
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Ribozymes |
Enzymes not made of protein |
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Factors that influence enzymes |
Temp Oh Substrate concentration Inhibitors |
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Oxidoreductase |
Oxidation reduction reactions |
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Transferase |
Transfer function groups |
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Hydrolase |
Hydrolysis |
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Lyase |
Removal of atoms without hydrolysis |
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Isomerase |
Rearrangement of atoms |
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Ligase |
Joining of Molecules uses atp |
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Oxidation |
Removal of electrons |
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Reduction |
Gain of electrons |
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Redox reaction |
an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction |
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Carbohydrate catabolism |
The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy |
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Respiration is |
Oxygen dependent |
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Fermentation |
Oxygen independent |
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Glycolysis |
Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid Produces atp and Mash 2 stages energy consuming 2 atp produced glucose is split Energy conserving 4 atp produced 2 used in step 1= 2 net atp |
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Kreb cycle |
In cytoplasm in prokary. In mitochondria matrix in eukary. 1. Intermediate step pyruvic acid converted to acetyl cOA = 2 NaDh 2 Co2 Kreb cycle The products of kreb cycle are 6 Nadh 2 fadh 2 ATP 4 Co2 |
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Respiration summary |
6 co2 38 ATP |
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Pathway |
Glycolysis cytoplasm Int step cytoplasm Kreb cycle euk: mito matrix pro:cyto Etc. Euk Mito inner membrane pro: plasma membrane |
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Fermentation end products |
Acids alcohol Co2 |
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Chemotroph |
Gets energy from chemical |
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Phototroph |
Gets energy from light |
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Microbial growth |
Increase in NUMBER of cells not SIZE |
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Requirements for growth |
Physical Temperature Osmotic pressure Chemical Carbon Nitrogen sulfur and phosphorus PhOsmotic pressureChemicalCarbonNitrogen sulfur and phosphorusTrace elementsOxygenOrganic growth factors PhOsmotic pressureChemicalCarbonNitrogen sulfur and phosphorusTrace elementsOxygenOrganic growth factors Trace elements Oxygen Organic growth factors |
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Hyperthermophiles |
65-110 c |
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Thermophile |
40-72c |
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Mesophile |
10-50c |
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Physcotroph |
0-20c |
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Physchrophiles |
-10-20c |
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Danger zone |
60-130 f° 15-50 C° |
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Food infection |
A living microorganism was consumed in the food and has established an infection in the host usually 12-18 hours post ingestion |
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Food intoxication |
A toxin was consumed in the food and is causing symptoms after the bacteria dies onset 8 hours post ingestion |
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Most bacteria grow between |
6.5 and 7.5 |
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Molds and yeast grow between |
Ph 5 and 6 |
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Hypertonic events or and increase in.. |
Salt or sugar cause plasmolysis |
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Extreme or obligate halophile require |
High osmotic pressure |
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Falculative halophiles |
Tolerate high osmotic pressure |
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Chemotrophs use |
Organic carbon sources |
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Autotrophs use |
Co2 |
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Obligate aerobes |
Oxygen required |
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Falculative anaerobes |
Can grow without oxygen but prefers oxygen |
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Obligate anaerobes |
Can only grow without oxygen |
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Aerotolerant |
Only grow without without oxygen but oxygen doesn't effect growth...grows evenly |
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Pure culture |
One species or strain |
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Colony |
Population of cells arising from a single cell or spore |
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4 toxic forms of oxygen |
Singlet oxygen Superoxide radicals Peroxide anion Hydroxyl radical |
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Biofilm formation |
Attachment Sessile growth Bio film maturation Dispersal |
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Bio film development is driven by |
Quorum sensing |
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Culture medium |
Nutrients prepared for Microbial growth |
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Sterile |
No living or dormant microbes |
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Inoculate |
Introduction of microbes into medium |
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Culture |
Microbes growing in or on culture medium |
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Agar |
Derived from red algae Not metabolized by microbes Used in petri dish washer slants and deeps Liquid at 100 c Solid at 40 c |
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Chemically defined media |
Exact chemical Compositon is known |
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Complex media |
Extracts and digests of yeast plants or meat |
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Cfu |
A cell that gave rise to a colony |
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T streak |
Is used to isolate pure cultures Single colony isolation |
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Deep freezing bacteria |
-50 to -95 c Freeze drying -54 to -72c and dehydrated in a vacuum |
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Reproducing in prokary |
Binary fission Budding Conidiophores Fragmentation of filaments |
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Generation time |
The time required for a cell to divide |
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Growth phases of bacteria |
Lag phase no increase Log phase increase Stationary phase death and new cells evens it out Death phase... decreasing |
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Turbidity estimation |
600nm |
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Intermediate step |
Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to Acetyl cOA it makes 2Nadh 2Co2 |
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Bacteria generation growth formula |
N= N x2^n |
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Suppresses growth of unwanted bacteria |
Selective media |
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Distinguishes colonies of desired organisms |
Differential media |
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Metabolic pathways are determined by |
Enzymes |