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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is natality? |
Birth rate |
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What is mortality? |
Death rate |
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What is immigration? |
Movement INTO a population |
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What is emigration? |
Leaving a community |
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What is a gene pool? |
All genes and all alleles of all members of a population |
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What is allele frequency? |
How often an allele occurs in a population |
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What is a population? |
Same species, same place, same time |
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What is population sampling? |
Taking small random samples to determine gene frequency |
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What can we say is not happening if allele frequencies do not change? |
No evolution |
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What is genotype frequency? |
Proportion of population with certain genotype |
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What is gene flow? |
Movement of alleles from place to place |
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What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium also called? |
Genetic equilibrium |
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What factors needed for genetic equilibrium? |
-Large population -Random mating -No mutations -No gene flow -No natural selection |
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle allele formula? |
p + q = 1 (A + a = 1) |
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle for genotypes? |
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 (AA + Aa + aa = 1) |
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What is "p"? |
The dominant allele |
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What is "q"? |
Recessive allele |
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How do you know when to use the Hardy-Weinberg genotype formula? |
When the question speaks of a disorder or proteins being made |
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What is evolution? |
Allele frequency change over time |
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Agents of evolutionary change? |
-Mutation -Gene flow -Genetic drift -Non-random mating -Natural selection |
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What is genetic drift? |
Change in allele frequency due to chance event in a small breeding population |
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What is the founder effect? |
New colony founded by few people, so less genetic variation and non-random sample of genes |
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What is the bottleneck effect? What may result? |
Population size slashed. Different gene frequencies and genes get loss |
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What is speciation? What causes it? |
New species formation. Caused by geographical or reproductive isolation |
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What is geographical isolation? How may it cause speciation? |
Populations separated by physical barriers. It can halt gene flow and new species may result from different environment |
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What is reproductive isolation? |
When individuals (like star fish) can no longer mate |
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What is a community? |
All living things in an area at a time |
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What is an ecosystem? |
All biotic and abiotic factors in a community |
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What is ecology the study of? |
Biotic and abiotic things and how they interact and are interdependent |
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What is population size? |
Number of individuals of the same species in an area at a time |
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What is population density? |
Individuals of the same species per unit of space |
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Population density formula? |
Dp = N/S = N/V = N/A |
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What does "N" represent? |
Number of individuals |
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What does "S" represent? |
Space |
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What does "A" represent? |
Area |
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What does "V" represent? |
Volume |
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What are density independent factors on population density? |
Factors limiting population size regardless of population density (e.g. forest fires, drought) |
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What are density dependent factors on population density? |
Factors limiting population as a result of population density (e.g food, space) |
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What makes populations more affected by density dependent population limiting factors? |
Population density |
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What is clumped population distribution? What causes it? |
Population is grouped into different clusters. Caused when an abiotic factor is limited |
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What is random population distribution? What causes it? |
Population scattered randomly everywhere. Caused by high resources and low competition |
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What is uniform population distribution? What causes it? |
Population evenly spaced out. Caused by super competition |
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What factors affect population size and density? |
-Birth rate -Death rate -More individuals going in -Emigration |
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Population size change formula? |
🔼N = (n + i) - (m + e) |
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Growth rate formula? |
🔼N (final - initial population) /🔼t (final - initial time) |
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Per capita growth rate formula? |
🔺N/N initial |
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What is the law of 70? |
70/growth rate=doubling time |
