Bio 205- Quiz #2

Front 1

_________ is the genetic complement of a cell or virus

Back 1

Genome

Front 2

True or False: Gene is the entire genetic compliment of a cell or virus

Back 2

False

Front 3

True or False: If a DNA strand has a sequence of GCGAATCCG the sequence of the complementary DNA strand is CGCTTAGGC

Back 3

True

Front 4

True or False: The sugar in DNA is ribose

Back 4

False

Front 5

True or False: DNA is single stranded

Back 5

False

Front 6

True or False: The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose

Back 6

True

Front 7

True or False: Genome is the entire genetic compliment of a cell or virus

Back 7

True

Front 8

True or False: DNA is a nucleic acid

Back 8

True

Front 9

If a DNA strand has a sequence of TTCAGGAT what would the sequence of the complimentary DNA strand be?

Back 9

AAGTCCTA

Front 10

What four nitrogenous bases does DNA contain?

Back 10

Adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine

Front 11

DNA and RNA are

Back 11

Nucleic acids

Front 12

The building block or monomer of DNA and RNA is

Back 12

Nucleotides

Front 13

A _________ is a specific sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein or RNA

Back 13

Gene

Front 14

A nucleotide is composed of

Back 14

Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Front 15

True or False: The building block of nucleic acids is glycerol and fatty acids

Back 15

False

Front 16

The specificity of DNA is in the

Back 16

Order of the nucleotides

Front 17

What is the building block of a nucleic acid?

Back 17

Nucleotides

Front 18

How many strands does DNA contain?

Back 18

2

Front 19

What sugar does RNA contain?

Back 19

Ribose

Front 20

What four nitrogenous bases does RNA contain?

Back 20

Adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

Front 21

How many strands does RNA contain?

Back 21

1

Front 22

True or False: The sugar in RNA is deoxyribose

Back 22

False

Front 23

How many chromosomes do bacteria usually have?

Back 23

1

Front 24

What is the shape of a bacterial chromosome?

Back 24

Circle

Front 25

True or False: a Plasmid carries essential information

Back 25

False

Front 26

True or False: Plasmids have to replicate when the bacterial chromosome replicates

Back 26

False

Front 27

True or False: Plasmid DNA is the same as chromosomal DNA

Back 27

False

Front 28

A small, circular DNA seperate from the bacterial chromosome is a

Back 28

Plasmid

Front 29

True or False: Plasmid DNA carries non-essential information

Back 29

True

Front 30

How many of the DNA strands serve as a template during DNA replication?

Back 30

2

Front 31

DNA replication proceeds ___________ around the circular bacterial chromosome.

Back 31

Bi-directionally

Front 32

The lagging strand is replicated in fragment known as _______ fragments

Back 32

Okazaki

Front 33

One of the DNA strands is replicated continuously, it is known as the ________ strand

Back 33

Leading

Front 34

Since the two DNA strands run _______ the strands will have to be copied slightly differently

Back 34

Anti-parallel

Front 35

DNA replication occurs where in a prokaryotic cell?

Back 35

Cytoplasm

Front 36

One of the DNA strand is replicated discontinuously in fragments, it is known as the ________ strand

Back 36

Lagging

Front 37

True or False: In prokaryotes DNA replication occurs bi-directionally around the bacterial chromosome

Back 37

True

Front 38

True or False: DNA replication must occur in bacteria before Binary fission

Back 38

True

Front 39

What occurs during DNA replication?

Back 39

DNA is unwound and unzipped, both strands serve as templates

Front 40

DNA replication occurs where in a eukaryotic cell?

Back 40

Nucleus

Front 41

Flow of information in a cell (the central dogma of biology) proceeds from ________ to ______ to __________

Back 41

DNA; mRNA; protein

Front 42

Where does transcription take place in Prokaryotes?

Back 42

Cytosplasm

Front 43

Where does transcription take place in Eukaryotes?

Back 43

Nucleus

Front 44

In transcription ______ is transcribed into _______

Back 44

DNA; mRNA

Front 45

In prokaryotes transcription take place in the ________ where _________ is transcribed into _______

Back 45

Cytoplasm; mRNA; protein

Front 46

How many DNA strands serve as a template in transcription?

Back 46

1

Front 47

A DNA strand has the sequence ATTCGGACCT, what is the sequence of the complementary mRNA strand?

Back 47

UAAGCCUGGA

Front 48

True or False: A DNA strand has the sequence CCGAATCCCCG, the sequence of the complementary mRNA strand is GGCTTAGGC

Back 48

False

Front 49

What occurs during transcription?

Back 49

DNA is unwound and unzipped, one strand serves as a template

Front 50

Where does translation take place in Prokaryotes?

Back 50

Cytoplasm

Front 51

Where does translation take place in Eukaryotes?

Back 51

Cytoplasm

Front 52

True or False: Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis

Back 52

True

Front 53

A ______ is 3 nucleotides on mRNA

Back 53

Codon

Front 54

Each codon in mRNA specifies an ___________ in the protein

Back 54

Amino acid

Front 55

If an mRNA codon is AUC what would the complementary tRNA anticodon be?

Back 55

UAG

Front 56

True or False: The genetic code is redundant

Back 56

True

Front 57

In translation _________ is translated into ________

Back 57

mRNA; protein

Front 58

Each codon on mRNA specifies an ________ in the protein

Back 58

Amino acid

Front 59

In Eukaryotes, translation takes place in the _______ where _______ is translated to ______

Back 59

Cytoplasm; mRNA; protein

Front 60

True or False: If a tRNA anticodon is ACG the complementary mRNA codon is UGC

Back 60

True

Front 61

True or False: more than one codon encodes for the same amino acid

Back 61

True

Front 62

In Prokaryotes, translation takes place in the ______ where ______ is translated to ________

Back 62

Cytoplasm; mRNA; protein

Front 63

The genetic code is redundant or degenerate. This means that

Back 63

More than one codon encodes for the same amino acid

Front 64

True or False: Bacteria are used to produce human proteins

Back 64

True

Front 65

Restrictive enzymes cut all human DNA into the same number of fragments

Back 65

False

Front 66

True or False: PCR is used to multiply RNA

Back 66

False

Front 67

True or False: viruses are used in gene therapy

Back 67

True

Front 68

In most gene therapy studies, a _____ gene is inserted into the genome to replace an _________ disease-causing gene

Back 68

Normal; abnormal

Front 69

Define Sterilization

Back 69

Destruction of all forms of microbes where all pathogens are eliminated

Front 70

Define Disinfection

Back 70

Use of a physical or chemical agent to inhibit or destroy microbes on inanimate objects or surfaces where NOT all pathogens are eliminated

Front 71

Define Antisepsis

Back 71

Disinfection of tissue via chemical agent that is safe to use on human tissue

Front 72

Define Sanitization

Back 72

Reduction in the number of pathogens on a surface to meet public health standards

Front 73

Define Pasteurization

Back 73

Use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage organisms in food and beverages.

Front 74

Is Pasteurization a form of disinfection or sterilization?

Back 74

Disinfection

Front 75

What type of microbes is the most difficult to kill?

Back 75

Endospores and acid-fast bacteria

Front 76

List the three modes of action of microbial control agents.

Back 76

1. Alteration of membrane permeability

2. Denature proteins

3. Damage nucleic acids

Front 77

State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Heat (dry, moist, pasteurization)

Back 77

Denatures proteins, dehydration

Front 78

State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Autoclave

Back 78

Denatures proteins

Front 79

State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Autoclave

Back 79

Denatures proteins

Front 80

State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Cold

Back 80

Decreases metabolism, decreases growth, decreases reproduction

Front 81

State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Drying

Back 81

Decreases metabolism

Front 82

State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Filtration

Back 82

Pores in the filter trap microbes

Front 83

State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Osmotic pressure

Back 83

Shrivel or burst the microbe

Front 84

State the mode of action of the following physical methods of microbial control: Radiation (ionizing, non-ionizing)

Back 84

Damages DNA (nucleic acid)

Front 85

What methods of physical control can sterilize? (3)

Back 85

1. Autoclave

2. Dry heat

3. Non-ionizing radiation

Front 86

State the mode of action of the following chemical method of microbial control: Phenol & Phenolics

Back 86

Alter membrane permeability, denatures proteins

Front 87

State the mode of action of the following chemical method of microbial control: Surfactants (soap, detergent, alcohol)

Back 87

Damages membranes (dissolves lipids), dentures proteins

Front 88

State the mode of action of the following chemical method of microbial control: Heavy metals (silver, mercury, zinc)

Back 88

Denatures proteins

Front 89

State the mode of action of the following chemical method of microbial control: Halogens (chlorine, iodine, idophors)

Back 89

Denatures proteins

Front 90

State the mode of action of the following chemical method of microbial control: Aldehydes

Back 90

Denatures proteins

Front 91

State the mode of action of the following chemical method of microbial control: Gaseous Sterilizers (ethylene oxide, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide)

Back 91

Dentures proteins

Front 92

State which methods of chemical control can sterilize (3)

Back 92

1. Hydrogen peroxide

2. Aldehydes

3. Gaseous sterilizers

Front 93

Define antibiotic

Back 93

A substance naturally produced by a few bacterial and fungal species that inhibits the growth of or kills bacteria

Front 94

What did Alexander Fleming do?

Back 94

Noticed where Penicillium mold was growing on a plate, bacteria did not grow

Front 95

What did Howard Florey and Ernst Chain?

Back 95

Successfully isolated penicillin

Front 96

What did Paul Ehrlich do?

Back 96

Magic bullet, synthesized salvarsan

Front 97

What did Selman Waksman do?

Back 97

Discovered more than 20 antibiotics

Front 98

What did Gerhard Domagk do?

Back 98

Used the dye protocol to save his daughter from a needle stick

Front 99

List the 5 targets of antibiotics

Back 99

1. Bacterial cell wall synthesis

2. Disrupt membranes

3. Nucleic acid synthesis

4. Black protein synthesis

5. Metabolic pathway

Front 100

Explain why antibiotics are not appropriate treatment for viral infections

Back 100

Because viruses DO NOT have any of the antibiotic targets

Front 101

Is the target of antibiotics, Bacterial cell wall synthesis, effective against Gram +, Gram - or both bacteria?

Back 101

Gram +

Front 102

Is the target of antibiotics, Disrupt Membranes, effective against Gram +, Gram - or both bacteria?

Back 102

Gram -

Front 103

Is the target of antibiotics, Nucleic Acid synthesis, effective against Gram +, Gram - or both bacteria?

Back 103

Both

Front 104

Is the target of antibiotics, Black Protein synthesis, effective against Gram +, Gram - or both bacteria?

Back 104

Both

Front 105

Is the target of antibiotics, Metabolism Pathway, effective against Gram +, Gram - or both bacteria?

Back 105

Both

Front 106

Narrow spectrum antibiotics are only effective against (Gram +/Gram -)

Back 106

Either Gram + or Gram - (not both)

Front 107

Penicillin is only effective against (Gram+/Gram-)

Back 107

Gram +

Front 108

Broad spectrum antibiotics is effective against (Gram+/Gram-)

Back 108

Both

Front 109

True or False: Narrow spectrum antibiotic is less damaging to normal flora while Broad spectrum antibiotics are more damaging to normal flora

Back 109

True

Front 110

True or False: Narrow spectrum antibiotic is less damaging to normal flora while Broad spectrum antibiotics are more damaging to normal flora

Back 110

True

Front 111

What Spectrum Antibiotic increases the risks of a secondary infection or super infection (infection caused by normal normal flora)?

Back 111

Broad Spectrum Antibiotic

Front 112

List an example of a Narrow Spectrum and Broad Spectrum Antibiotic

Back 112

Narrow: Penicillin

Broad: Tetracycline

Front 113

What is the purpose of Kirby Bauer sensitivity testing?

Back 113

Measures zones of inhibition

Front 114

List 4 ways that bacteria can acquire resistance to antibiotics

Back 114

1. Mutation

2. Conjunction

3. Transduction

4. Transformation

Front 115

List 5 ways bacteria resists antibiotics

Back 115

1. Produce an enzyme that destroys the antibiotic

2. Decrease entry of the antibiotic into the bacterium

3. Pump the antibiotic out of the bacterium before it can act

4. Alter target site if antibiotic

5. Change metabolic pathway