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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
acetylcholine
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Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.
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afferent nerves
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Carry messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory neves)
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arachnoid membrane
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Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brian and spinal cord.
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astrocyte
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A type of glial (neurologic) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries
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autonomic nervous system
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Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.
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axon
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Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
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blood-brain barrier
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Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.
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brainstem
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Lower portion of the brian that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord.
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cauda equina
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Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
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cell body
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Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
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central nervous system (CNS)
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Brain and the spinal cord
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cerebellum
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Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance
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cerebral cortex
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Outer region of the cerebrum; containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.
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cerebrum
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Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory
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cranial nerves
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Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain
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dendrite
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Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse
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dura mater
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Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord (Latin for hard mother)
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efferent nerves
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Carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerves
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ependymal cell
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A glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid.
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ganglion (plural: ganglia)
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Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
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glial cell (neuroglial cell)
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Cell in the nervous system that is supportive and connective in function.
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gyrus (plural: gyri)
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Sheet of nerve cells that products a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebellum; convolution.
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hypothalamus
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Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland
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medulla oblongata
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Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels. Nerve fibers cross over here.
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meninges
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Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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microglial cell
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Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system
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motor nerves
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Carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerves.
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myelin sheath
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White fatty tissue that surrounds, and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons.
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nerve
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Macroscopic cordlike collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses
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neuron
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Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body.
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neurotransmitter
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Chemical messenger, released at the end of a nerve cell.
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oligodendroglial cell
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Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodendrocyte
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parasympathetic nerves
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Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions, such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
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paraenchyma
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Essential, distinguishing tissue of the nervous system; includes the brain and spinal cord. This is to distinguish it from surrounding tissues, such as the meninges.
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
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pia mater
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Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges.
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plexus
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Large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial plexuses.
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pons
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Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain.
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receptor
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Organ that receives a nervous stimulation and passes it on to nerves within the body.
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sciatic nerve
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Nerve extending form the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot.
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sensory nerves
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Carry messages to the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerves.
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spinal nerves
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31 pairs of nerves arising form the spinal cord.
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stimulus
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Agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.
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stroma
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Connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain.
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sulcus
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Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.
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sympathetic nerves
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Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
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synapse
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Space through which a nervous impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another or from a neuron to another cell.
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thalamus
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Main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum.
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vagus nerve
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Tenth cranial nerve; its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach.
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ventricles of the brain
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Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
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cerebell/o
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cerebellum - cerebellar
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cerebr/o
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cerebrum - cerebral cortex
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dur/o
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dura mater - subdural hematoma
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encephal/o
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brain - encephalitis
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gli/o
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glial cells - glioblastoma
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lept/o
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thin, slender - leptomeningeal
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menig/o, meningi/o
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membranes, meninges - meningeal
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my/o
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muscle - myoneural
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myel/o
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spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts) - poliomyelitis
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neur/o
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nerve - neuropathy
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pont/o
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pons - cerebellopontine
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radicul/o
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nerve root (of spinal nerves) - radiculopathy
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thalm/o
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thalamus - thalamic
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thec/o
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sheath (refers to the meninges) - intrathecal injection
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vag/o
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vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) - vagal
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alges/o, -algesia
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excessive sensitivity to pain - analgesia
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-algia
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pain - neuralgia
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caus/o
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burning - causalgia
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comat/o
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deep sleep (coma) - comatose
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esthesi/o, -esthesia
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feeling, nervous sensation - anasthesia
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kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic
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movement - bradykinesia
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-lepsy
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seizure - epilepsy
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lex/o
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word, phrase - dyslexia
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-paresis
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weakness - hemiparesis
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-phasia
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speech - aphasia
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-plegia
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paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body) - paraplegia
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-praxia
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action - apraxia
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-asthenia
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strength - neurasthenia
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syncop/o
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to cut off, cut chort - syncopal
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tax/o
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order, coordination - ataxia
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