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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Virus
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a small infectious particle that consists of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat.
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Host Cell
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a cell that is infected by a virus
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Host Range
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the number of species and cell types they can infect.
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Capsid
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a protein coat that encloses a genome consisting of one or more molecules of nucleic acid.
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Viral Envelope
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Encloses the capsid and consists of a lipid bilayer that is derived from the plasma membrane of the host cell and embedded with virally encoded spike glycol-proteins (spikes or peplomers).
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Bacteriophages (Phages)
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viruses that infect bacteria.
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Viral Genome
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the genetic material of a virus.
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Viral Reproductive Cycle
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a series of steps used to express viral genes, resulting in the production of new viruses, during a viral infection.
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Itegrase
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an enzyme encoded by a gene, found in viruses that are capable of integration.
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Prophage
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the phage DNA in a bacterium
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Lysogenic Cycle
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The growth cycle of a bacteriophage consisting of integration, prophage replication, and excision.
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Reverse Transcriptase
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a viral enzyme that is carried within the capsid and released into the host cell along with viral RNA.
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Provirus
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the viral DNA in a eukaryotic cell.
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Retroviruses
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Viruses that follow reverse transcriptase
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Lyctic Cycle
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the growth cycle of a bacteriophage in which the production and release of new viruses causes the host cell to lyse.
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Latent
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an inactive provirus or prophage.
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Temperate Phage
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a bacteriophage that can enter either the lysogenic or lytic cycle.
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Virulent Phage
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a bacteriophage that can participate only in the lytic cycle.
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Episome
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a genetic element that can replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA but also can occasionally replicate into the chromosomal DNA.
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Emerging Virus
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viruses that have arisen recently, or have a greater probably to cause infection.
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Human Immunodefiency Virus
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A retrovirus that is the causative agent of AIDS.
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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A disease caused by the HIV virus that leads to a defect in the immune system of infected individuals.
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Viroid
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An RNA particle that infects plant cells.
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Prions
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infectious particles that cause a group of rare, fatal brain diseases humans and other mammals.
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Nucleoid Range
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A site in a bacterial cell where the genetic material (DNA) is located.
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Loop Domains
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Chromosomal segments that are folded into loops.
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DNA Supercoiling
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A method of compacting chromosomes through the formation of additional coils around the long, thin DNA molecule.
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Plasmids
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Small, circular pieces of DNA that exist separate from the bacterial chromosome.
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Bacterial Colony
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A clone of genetically identical cells formed from a single cell.
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Binary Fission
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Cell division of a bacterial cell, resulting in 2 daughter cells.
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Strain
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A lineage that has genetic differences compared to another strain.
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Gene Transfer (Genetic Transfer)
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genetic material (DNA) is transferred from one bacterial cell to another.
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Conjugation
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Direct physical interaction between two bacterial cells. One bacterium acts as a donor and transfers DNA to a recipient cell.
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Transformation
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DNA that is released into the environment is taken up by another bacterial cell.
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Transduction
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When a virus infects a bacterial cell and then transfers some of that cell's DNA to another bacterium.
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Fertility Factor (F Factor)
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A type of bacterial plasmid that can be transferred to recipient strains through conjugation.
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Sex Pilli
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A pilli (appendage that attaches to surfaces and each other) that is made by F+ cells and only bind to F- cells.
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Competent
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Bacterial strains that naturally do not have the ability to take up DNA and have genes that encode proteins.
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Horizontal Gene Transfer
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An organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism.
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Acquired Antibiotic Resistance
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the common phenomenon of a previously susceptible strain becoming resistant to a specific antibiotic.
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Archae and Bacteria
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two domains of life that prokaryotic microbes can be classified in.
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Extremophiles
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organisms that occur primarily in extreme habitats.
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Hyperthermophiles
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an organism that thrives in extremely hot temperatures.
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Halophiles
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organisms that occupy evaporation ponds used to produce salt from seawater.
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Gas Vesicles
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a cytoplasmic structure used to adjust the buoyancy of cyanobacteria and certain other bacteria that live in aquatic habitats.
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Cocci
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sphere shaped bacterial cells.
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Bacilli
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rod shaped bacterial cells.
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Vibrios
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comma-shaped bacterial cells
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Spirochaetes
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spiral-shaped bacterial cell that is flexible
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Spirilli
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spiral-shaped bacterial cell that is rigid.
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Biofilm
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aggregations of microorganisms that secrete adhesive mucilage, thereby gluing themselves to surfaces.
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Quorum Sensing
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A mechanism by which prokaryotic cells are able to communicate by chemical means when they reach a critical population size.
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Peptidoglycan
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a polymer composed of carbohydrates cross-linked by peptides that is important to most bacterial cell walls.
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Lipopolysaccharides
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Lipids with covalently bound carbohydrates; prevalent in the thin, outer envelope that encloses the cell walls of a Gram-negative bacteria.
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Gram Stain
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developed by Hans Christian Gram; a procedure used to more easily detect and distinguish bacteria.
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Flagella
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Relatively long cell appendages that facilitate cellular movement or the movement of extracellular fluids.
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Pili
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a threadlike cell surface structure used to twitch or glide along surfaces.
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Akinete
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a thick-walled, food-filled cell produced by certain bacteria or protists that enables them to survive unfavorable conditions in a dormant state.
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Endospore
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A cell with a tough coat that is produced in certain bacteria and then released when the enclosing bacterial cell dies and breaks down
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Autotrophs
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organisms that are able to produce all or most of their own organic compounds from inorganic sources.
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Photoautotrophs
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are able to use light as a source of energy for the synthesis of organic compounds
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Chemoautotrophs
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are able to use energy obtained by chemical modifications of inorganic compounds to synthesize organic compounds.
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Heterotrophs
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organisms that require at least one organic compound to feed.
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Photoheterotrophs
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are able to use light energy to generate ATP, but they must take in organic compounds from their environment.
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Chemoheterotrophs
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must obtain organic molecules for both energy and as a carbon source.
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Obligate Aerobes
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microorganisms that require oxygen.
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Obligate Anaerobes
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Microorganisms that are poisoned by oxygen.
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Facultative Anaerobes
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a microorganism that can use oxygen in aerobic respiration, obtain energy via anaerobic fermentation, or use inorganic chemical reactions to obtain energy.
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Aerotolerant Anaerobe
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a microorganism that does not use oxygen but it is not poisoned by it either.
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Diazotrophs
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a bacterium that fixes nitrogen.
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Nitrogen Fixation
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a specialized metabolic process in which certain prokaryotes use the enzyme nitrogenase to convert inert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia.
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Heterocysts
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specialized cells that accomplish nitrogen fixation.
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Producers
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Synthesize the organic compounds used by other organisms for food.
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Decomposers
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organisms that break down dead organisms and organic matter, releasing minerals for uptake by living things.
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Methanongens
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prokaryotes that covert CO2, methyl groups, or acetate to methane and release it from their cells.
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Methanotrophs
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prokaryotes that consume methane.
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Symbiosis
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an organism that lives in close association with one or more other organisms.
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Mutualism
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when symbiotic associations are beneficial to both partners.
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Parasitism
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when one partner benefits at the expense of another.
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Syntrophy
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mutualistic bacteria that live in symbioses of two or a few other bacteria species that supply each other with essential nutrients.
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Consortia
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microbes that occur in larger communities.
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Microbiome
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many types of microbes that exist on human skin and in our digestive and reproductive systems.
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Parasites
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organisms that obtain organic compounds from living hosts.
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Pathogens
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diseases that are caused by parasites in the host.
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Koch's Postulates
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a series of steps used to determine whether a particular organism causes a specific disease.
Presence of a suspected pathogen must correlate with the occurrence of symptoms The pathogen must be isolated from an infected host and grown in a pure culture, if possible. Cells from the pure culture should cause disease when inoculated into a healthy host. One should be able to isolate the same pathogen from the second infected host. |
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Protist
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eukaryotes that live in moist habitats and are mostly microscopic in size.
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Algea
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protists that are generally photoautotrophic.
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Protozoa
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diverse heterotropich protists.
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Fungus-like Protists
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heterotrophic protists that often resemble true fungi in having threadlike filamentus bodies and absorbing nutrients from the environment.
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Phytoplankton
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microscopic photosynthetic protists that float in the water column or actively move through water.
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Periphyton
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communities of microorganisms that are attached by mucilage to underwater surfaces such as rocks, sands, and plants.
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Macroalgae
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Photosynthetic protist that can be seen with the unaided eye; seaweeds.
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Flagellates
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A protist that uses one or more flagella to move in water or cause water motions useful in feeding.
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Cilia
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cell appendages that have the same internal structure as flagella and function like flagella, to ficilitate cell movement; cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells than flagella.
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Ciliates
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a protist that moves by means of cilia, which are tine hairlike extensions that occur on the outside of cells and have the same internal structure as flagella.
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Amoebae
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a protist that move by pseudopodia that evolves by extending cytoplasm into filaments or lobes.
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Super Groups
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one of the seven subdivisions of the domain: Eukarya.
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Phagocytosis
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a form of endocytosis that envolves the formation of a membrane vesicle, called a phagocytic vacuole, which engulfs a particle such as a bacterium.
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Endosymbiosis
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a symbiotic relationship in which a smaller species, the symbiont, lives within the larger species.
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Endosymbiont
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a smaller species that lives within a larger species.
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Host
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the prey organism in a parasitic association.
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Primary Plastids
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a plastid that originated from a prokaryote as a result of primary endosymbiosis
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Primary Endosymbiosis
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the process by which a eukaryotic host cell acquires prokaryotic endosymbionts. Mitochondria and the plastids of green and red algae are examples of organelles that originated with primary endosymbiosis.
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Secondary Plastids
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a plastid that is originated by the symbiotic incorporation of a eukaryotic cell containing a primary plastid into a eukaryotic host cell.
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Secondary Endosymbiosis
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a process that occurs when a eukaryotic host cell acquires a eukaryotic endosymbiont having a primary plastid.
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Terrtiary Plastids
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a plastid acquired by the incorporation into a host cell of an endosymbiont having a secondary plastid.
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Terrtiary Endosymbiosis
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the acquisition by eukaryotic protist host cells of plastids from cells that possess secondary plastids.
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Phagotrophs
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an organism that specialises in phagotrophy (particle feeding by means of phagocytosis as a form of nutrition).
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Osmotrophs
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an organism that relies on osmotrophy (uptake of small organic molecules as a form of nutrition).
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Mixotrophs
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an organism that is able to use autotrophy as well as phagotrophy or osmotrophy to obtain organic nutrients.
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Toxins
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compounds that have adverse effects in living organisms, often produced by various protists and plant species
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Cysts
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thick, protective walls and can remain dormant through periods of unfavorable climate or low food availability.
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Zygotic Life Cycle
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the type of life cycle of most unicellular protists in which haploid cells develop into gametes. Two gametes then fuse to produce a diploid zygote.
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Sporic Life Cycle(Alternation of Generations)
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the phenomenon that occurs in plants and some protists in which the life cycle alternates between multicellular diploid organisms, called sporophytes, and multicellular haploid organisms, called gametophytes.
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Gametic Life Cycle
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a type of life cycle where all cells, excep the gametes, are diploid, and gametes are produced by meiosis.
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Substrate
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the organic compounds, such as soil or rotting wood, that fungi uses as food.
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Absorptive Nutrition
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the process whereby an organism uses enzymes to digest organic materials and absorbs the resulting small food molecules into it's cells.
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Chitin
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a tough, nitrogen containing polysaccharide that forms the external skeleton of many insects and the cell walls of fungi.
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Mycelium
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a fungal body composed of microscopic branch filaments known as hyphae.
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Hyphae
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a microscopic, branch filament of a body of fungus.
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Fruiting Bodies
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the visible fungal reproductive structures that are composed of densely packed hyphae that typically grow out of the substrate.
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Spores
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a haploid, typically single-celled reproductive structure of fungi and plants that is dispersed into the environment and is able to grow into a new fungal mycelium or plant gametophyte in a suitable habitat.
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Septa
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a cross wall; examples include: the cross walls that divide the hyphae of most fungi into many small cells and the structure that seperates the old and new chambers of a nautilus.
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Aseptate
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the conditon of not being partitioned into smaller cells; usually refers to fungal cells.
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Intranuclear Spindle
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a spindle that forms within an in tact nucleur envelope during nuclear division in fungi and some protists.
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Conidia
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asexual spores found at the tips of hyphae.
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Yeast
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a fungus that can occur as a single cell and that reproduces by budding.
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Plasmogamy
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The fusion of the cytoplasm between two gametes.
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Karyogamy
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the process of nuclear fusion.
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Dikaryotic
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the occurrence of two genetically distinct nuclei in the cells of fungal hyphae after mating has occurred.
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Aflatoxins
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Fungal toxins that cause liver cancer and are a major health concern worldwide.
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Dimorphic Fungi
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fungi that can exist in two different morphological forms.
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Mycorrhizae
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association between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants.
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Endomycorrhizae
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partnerships between plants and fungi in which the fungal hyphae grow into the spaces between root cell walls and plasma membranes.
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Arbascular Mycorrhizae
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symbiotic associations between AM fungi and the roots of vascular plants.
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Ectomycorrhizae
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beneficial interactions between temperate forest tress and soil fungi.
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Endophytes
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a mutualistic fungus that lives compatibly within the tissues of various types of plants.
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Lichens
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the mutualistic association between particular fungi and certain photosynthetic green algae of cyanobacteria. This association results in a body form distinctive from that of either partner alone.
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Soredia
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an asexual reproductive structure produced by lichens consisting of small clumps of hyphae surrounding a few algae cells that can disperse in wind currents.
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Chytrids
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simplest fungi; among the earliest fungi to appear. Commonly found in aquatic habitats and moist soil where they produce flagellate reproductive cells.
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Zygomycetes
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a phylum of fungi that produces distinctive large zygospores as the result of sexual reproduction.
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Sporangia
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structures that produce and disperse the spores of plants, fungi, or protists.
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Gametangia
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specialized structures produced by many land plants in which developing gametes are protected by a jacket of tissue.
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Zygospore
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a dark-pigmented, thick-walled spore that matures within the zygosporangium of zygomycete fungi during sexual reproduction.
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AM Fungi
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a phylum of fungi that forms mycorrhizai associations with plants.
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Ascomycetes
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a phylum of fungi that produce sexual spores in saclike asci located at the surfaces of fruiting bodies known as ascocarps.
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Ascocarps
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the type of fruiting body produced by ascomycete fungi.
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Ascopores
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the type of sexual spore produced by the ascomycete fungi.
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Asci
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fungal sporongia shaped like sacs that produce and release sexual ascospores.
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Basidiomycetes
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a phylum of fungi where sexual spores are produced on the surfaces of club-shaped structures.
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Basidia
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club-shaped cells that produce sexual spores in basidiamycete fungi.
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Basidiospores
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a sexual spore of the basidiomycete fungi.
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Basidiocarps
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the type of fruiting body produced by basidiomycete fungi.
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Clamp Connections
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in basidiomycete fungi, a structure that helps distribute nuclei during cell division.
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