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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
multi-cellular
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are sponges single or multi-cellular?
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sensory
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animal ....... systems are a network of interconnected nerve cells (neurons)
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1. sense/respond to environmental stimuli 2.coordinate muscle actions 3. controls internal functions to maintain homeostasis |
animal sensory systems are responsible/function to (3 answers)
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sponges
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all multicellular animals have a nervous system except ........
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1. light levels 2. temperature 3.physical forces 4. chemical gradients |
the first evolutionary nervous systems were only about to sense/detect what?
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1. regulate body functions in response to sensory cues 2. make complex behavior possible 3. contain ganglia |
as more complex nervous systems evolved, the more complex they become by being able to:
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ganglia
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........ are a group of nerve cells that process sensory information and signal a response to motor neurons.
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peripheral
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......... nervous system functions/ works with sensory and motor nerves
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central nervous system
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........... nervous system function/ works with the brain, nerve cord, and ganglia
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1. the brain processes input from the entire body, where as ganglia may process sections 2. the brain is divided into specialized segments, ganglia is not. 3. brain is bilobar (2 halves), ganglia is not. |
what are three differences between ganglia and the brain?
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peripheral
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the ............ nervous system is sub-divided into two division. sensory division, and motor division.
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sensory
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........... division is a division of the peripheral nervous systems. the neurons of this division bring info to central nervous system.
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motor
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....... division is a division of the peripheral nervous systems. the neurons of this division relay info from the central nervous system.
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somatic autonomic |
the peripheral system has a motor division that is even further divided into ............. nervous system and ........... nervous system.
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somatic
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.......... nervous system carries signals to skeletal muscle in response to external stimuli.
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autonomic
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........... nervous system carries signals that regulate the internal environment of the animal. think (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, excretory) involuntary movement.
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parasympathetic sympathetic |
the autonomic nervous system divides into ........... division and ............ division.
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parasympathetic
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........ division is an even further division of the autonomic nervous system. this division functions in gaining/conserving energy.
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sympathetic
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........... division is an even further division of the autonomic nervous system. this division function in energy CONSUMPTION and action by animals.
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1. sensory neurons 2. inter neurons 3. motor neurons |
basic nervous organization is composed of three types of neurons: what are they?
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sensory
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......... neurons receive stimuli about external environment. ex: temperature, light, chemical, physical |
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inter
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......... neurons process sensory input and transmit information to various body regions where they communicate with motor neurons.
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motor
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......... neurons cause muscle contraction and release chemicals from glands.
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neurons.
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all ......... contain a cell body, dendrites, axon hillock, axon terminals, and synapses.
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cell body
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the ......... of a neuron contains a nucleus, and has two branched processes for input/output.
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dendrites
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the ........ of a neuron receive input of stimuli from other neurons.
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axon hilock
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the ............. of a neuron receiving an accumulation of signals from the dendrites to a certain threshold. once this threshold is met, the neuron fires an action potential which travels down the axon to the axon terminals.
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axon terminals
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the ............ of a neuron nearly contact the membranes of dendrites of other neurons.
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synapses
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the ........ of a neuron is the combination of the neurons axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and dendrite of another neuron.
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synapses
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in the ........ of the neurons, action potential reaches axon terminals and causes a release of neurotransmitters. these neurotransmitters bind to the surface of the nearby dendrite. this causes a change in electric charge distribution on the dendrite.
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sponges
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.......... contain groups of cells that respond to local chemical and physicals cues but is not consider a nervous system
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cnidarians
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........... contain a network of neurons like a "nerve net," but do not have centralization, meaning no brain/ganglia. ex: sea anemone |
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bilaterians
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......... contain two fused, enlarged ganglia which receive input from sensory nerves which distinguishes the head end from the tail end. EX: flatworm, earthworm, crayfish, grasshopper |
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bilaterians
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the nerve cord in ........... contain bundles of multiple nerve cells.
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bilaterians
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in ....... the nerve cord contain impulses that are transmitted through the body; many peripheral nerves branch from this nerve cord.
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flatworms
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........... also known are planeria, contain a pair of nerve cords that run posterior and are "ladder like" peripheral nerves.
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annelids arthopods |
............ and .......... contain a single nerve cord running posterior from cerebral ganglia (brain). the nerve cord also runs on the ventral(belly side) of the body. each body segment of these organisms contain fused ganglia connect by fused cords. Ex: insects |
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molluscs
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in ......... the nervous system of various ganglia are distributed throughout the body. most of these organisms like snails and cephalopods have a head which contains enlarged ganglion (brain) that sends large nerves outward throughout the body.
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vertebrates
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............. all have the same basic structure of nervous system. ganglia in the head form the brain. they have a single nerve cord along the dorsal (back side) of the body. nerve cord is tubular.
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forebrain midbrain hindbrain |
all vertebrates brains contain three parts. what are they?
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1. size of brain increases in phylogenetic lineages 2. increase in compartmentalization of function 3. increase in sophistication and complexity of the forebrain in phylogenetic lineages. |
what are the three trends that occur among vertebrate brains?
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forebrain
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the ........... part of the brain is responsible for olfactory, motor, memory, and spatial processing.
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midbrain
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the ...... part of the brain is responsible for sight
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hindbrain
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the ............. part of the brain contains the cerebellum (balance/movement), and medulla oblongata (taste/ hearing). the part of the brain also controls respiration, circulation, and digestion.
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myelin sheath
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hag fish/ lampreys lack a ......... around their nerve fibers which results in slower nervous conduction.
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higher
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............ vertebrate nervous system include mammals. this vertebrate nervous system is dominated by cerebral hemispheres. in this vertebrate nervous system, complex neural pathways enhance sensory and behavioral responses.
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cephalization
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............. is the concentration of nervous system components at the one end of body (head region)
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1. organisms can have polarized locomotion, meaning that they can detect sensory info from ahead. 2. predation which allows early detection of prey. |
what are two adaptations to cephalization:
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sensory
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in ....... systems, its important to have an ability to sense changes to the surrounding environment. Bacteria and sponges can detect chemical and pressure changes.
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sensory transduction
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............ is the conversion of physical or chemical stimuli to nerve impulses in either a sensory receptor or a neuron that it synapses with/
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1. strength of signal (brightness, loudness, or weak signals) 2. location of stimulus 3. stimulus filtering (filtering out less important signals) |
what are the three types of info that are conveyed to the brain?
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neuron
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the rate of ......... firing is the number of action potentials per unit time.
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discrete; continuous
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....... stimulation is a quick touch, where as .......... stimulation is a touch that is held for a long period of time where eventually the sensory receptors decrease sensation.
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1. chemoreceptors 2. mechanoreceptors 3. thermoreceptors 4. nocireceptors 5. photoreceptors 6. electrorecptors |
what are the six animal sensory receptors
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chemoreceptors
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........ is an animal sensory receptors that is a response to chemical cues
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chemoceptors
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........ bind molecules to specific protein receptors on cell membranes.
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mechanoreceptors
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....... is a animal sensory receptors that respond to physical deformation of the cell membrane caused by physical contact. these receptors are found throughout the integument of vertebrates.
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thermoreceptors
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............... are composed of free dendrites in the integument and central nervous system that respond to temperature. these receptors are involved in heat gain/loss ad regulating blood flow and metabolism.
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nocireceptors
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...... are animal sensory receptors that free dendrites in the integument and connective tissue that respond to excessive mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli by withdrawal.
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photoreceptors
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............. are animal sensory receptors that are in the eyes or eyespots sensitive to light levels.
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electroreceptors
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.......... are animal sensory receptors that detect electrical stimuli.
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gustation
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is the sense of taste
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taste buds
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chemosensory receptor cells are located in ............
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evolutionary developments.
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multicellularity, gastrulation, collagen, tissues, and symmetry are what on the phylogenetic tree?
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gastrulation
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is the migration of cells inward to form germ layers of cells during embryo development.
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collagen
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are protein fibers in the skeleton
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tissues
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lead to the development of organs
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symmetry |
is how the body is organized/ oriented.
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radial
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what symmetry do cnidarians have? ex: sea jellies, sea anemones |
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coelom
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in bilaterians, the division is based on the body cavity also known as .........
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acoelomates
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........... are organisms that don't have a body cavity
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pseuodcoelomates
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........... are organisms that have a body cavity but is doesn't completely surround the internal organs. ex: nematodes |
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coelomates
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are organisms that contain a body cavity
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diplobastic
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are animals with two germ layers. these are ectoderm and endoderm. this feature is found in cnidarians.
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triplobastic
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are animlas with three germ layers. this layers include ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. this feature is found in bilatarians.
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