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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ecology |
The study of how organisms interact with their environment (biotic/abiotic) |
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Behavioral Ecology |
the study of how organisms make 'decisions' (respond) when they interact with aspects of their environment |
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Proximate Behavior |
Physiologically how things happen |
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Ultimate Behavior |
Why things happen ( ex: Increase fitness) |
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Conditional Behavior |
Actions that only happen when there is a stimulus |
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Learned Behaviors |
EX: the ducks imprinting on the human |
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How does altruistic behavior still happen? |
Because it benefits the relatives of the individual and the general population. The genes of the individual are still being passed on |
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Populations are 1. 2. 3.
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1.Interact 2.Interbreed 3. Exposed to the same environmental changes |
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Exponential Growth:
Continuous |
Nt=N0e^rt |
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Density- Dependent Growth |
The population eventually fills all of the available habitat |
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Carrying Capacity (K) |
Max number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time |
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Causes of Variation in Population Size |
Whether Predator Disease Competition |
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Metapopulation |
Sub populations within a larger population |
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Spatial Variation |
Variation in population change at different times (EX: UW pop. Greeks, Non-Greeks, Staff. Each change independently of one another) |
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Types of Interactions |
1. Mutualism 2. Competition 3. Consumerism |
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Types of Competition |
1. Exploitative: A gets food before B 2. Inteferance: A gets in way of B 3. Chemical: A&B have toxins that hinder each 4. Territorial: barriers limit access to resource |
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IntRAspecific Competition
IntERspacific Competition |
Competition between species
Competition within a species which can raise K |
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Symmetric Competition |
Both A and B have the same fitness when separate but when negatively competing, decline at the same rate |
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Asymmetric Competition |
A is more negatively impacted than B |
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Competitive Exclusion |
One species out competes the other and prevents it from occurring in a certain habitat |
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Niche |
A range of resources a species is able to use |
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Fundamental Niche |
The ideal range of environmental conditions a species can tolerate |
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Realized Niche |
The space the organism inhabits and resources it can use due to limiting pressure form another species |
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Niche Differentiation |
When Species A and B overlap niches, species A will occupy one range and B will occupy the other to avoid competition due to natural selection
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Character Displacement |
A change in a trait associated with a particular niche access. Over time the species will shift that trait. ( EX: small beaks will get smaller and large beaks will get larger) |
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Types of Consumption |
Herbivory: animals eat plants/algae Predation: Larger animal eats smaller prey Parasitims: parasite lives on or in a large prey |
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Types of Defense |
Constituitive: Always there ( EX: Thorns) Inducible: activated when consumed ( EX: Toxins) |
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Counter Defense of Predators |
Morphological ( teeth, claws) Camouflage Learned Deceptive Tolerance to chemical defense |
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Coevolution |
Evolutionary change in one species will influence evolutionary change in another species |
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Invasive Species |
non- native species is introduced to a new area and spreads quickly and is able to successfully compete with the other native species |
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Consumers can... |
Regulate population size/ carrying capacity
Regulate cycling of a population |
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Keystone Species |
has an extraordinarily large impact on the surrounding community, relative to its abundance |
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Trophic Cascade |
pattern of predators eating herbivores which each a nutritional provider.
Explains top-down hypothesis |
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Mutualism |
a positive interaction between two species that increases the fitness of both species |
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Facultative Mutualism |
both parties are capable of surviving on their own |
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Obligate Mutualism |
both parties are required for the species to survive |
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Mutialism is dynamic |
the outcome of interactions among species in the conditional on the circumstances and the interaction can change over time and space |
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How does mutualism fall apart |
when parasitism happens... A is increasing fitness while not providing a reward for B |
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How to prevent cheating |
By selecting reliable partners
Forcing partners to rely on them extensively
Enforcing sanctions and punishments |
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Disease |
any abnormal condition that affects all or part of an organism - environmental causes -internal dysfunction -biological agent |
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Disease Environment |
where host and pathogen occur |
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Host |
victim(s) that are inhabited by pathogen |
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Pathogen |
Disease causing agent |
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Reservoir |
source of pathogen, where it lives when not infecting a host ( abiotic or biotic) |
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Vector |
Living and is a form of movement for disease that transmits it from host to host |
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Increase in Diseases is due to.... |
high population density host shifts through larger land use exotic pet trade resistance to antibiotics climate change or global warming |