Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Biology
|
The scientific study of life |
|
What are the 5 unifying themes of life?
|
Organization Information Energy and Matter Interactions Evolution |
|
Properties of life are:
|
Energy processing Order Evolutionary adaptation Regulation Reproduction Growth and development Response to the environment |
|
What is the hierarchy of life, in order?
|
Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Organ and organ systems Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules |
|
lowest level of life
|
Cell
|
|
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells
|
Eukaryote: has membrane enclosed organelles, largest of which is usually the nucleus |
|
Describe the basic structure of DNA
|
Chain is made up of chemical building blocks called nucleotides (A, G, C, T) |
|
What is nutrient cycling/energy flow between organisms?
|
sun-producer-consumer-decomposer |
|
What are the three domains of organisms?
|
Bacteria-Prokaryotes Archaea-Prokaryotes-extremophiles Eukarya-Animals, Plants, Fungi-All eukaryotic organisms |
|
What is the Scientific method
|
an idealized process of inquiry
|
|
What is a Hypothesis
|
an educated guess based on observations or past experiences. must be falsifiable |
|
Inductive vs Deductive reasoning |
Inductive: draws conclusions through the logical process of induction---the sun always rises in the east-an observation Deductive: uses general premesis to make specific predictions-used to test hypothesis |
|
What is a scientific theory? |
Broader scope than a hypothesis
general and can lead to new, testable hypotheses supported by large body of evidence |
|
What is natural selection? |
the mechanism behind descent with modification |
|
What is decent with modification? |
decent from a common ancestor, animals differing in appearance/size/color. |
|
What does darwins theory of evolution explain? |
the duality of unity and diversity.
Species generally suit their environment. |
|
What were darwins observations? |
-Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are heritable -more offspring are produced than survive, competition is inevitable -species generally suit their environment |
|
Darwin inferred that... |
-individuals that are best suited for their environment are more likely to survive -over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits |
|
What factors affect the the properties of different elements? |
-position in the periodic table -number of protons/electrons/neutrons -net charge -temperature -energy |
|
describe the organization of the atom |
-nucleus consists of protons and neutrons -electrons orbit the nucleus -# of protons = atomic number -# of protons and neutrons = atomic mass |
|
What is an atom? |
the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
|
What is the charge of: protons, neutrons, electrons? |
-Protons=positive -Electrons=negative -Neutrons=neutral |
|
How similar are the neutron and proton in mass? The electron? |
Neutron and proton have identical mass of 1 dalton electron has nearly no mass (too small to really measure) |
|
What are the functions of the electron in the atom? |
form a cloud around the nucleus can be used to form bonds between elements or transfer between elements, creating cations or anions |
|
how are electrons arranged in an atom? |
Arranged via shells around the nucleus |
|
What are the four types of chemical bonds? |
Ionic Covalant van der waals Hydrogen |
|
Ionic bond |
attraction between an anion and a cation -cation=positively charged ion -anion=negatively charged ion -occurs when an atom is stripped of an electron or gains an electron from their bonding partner |
|
Covalent bond |
sharing of a pair of valance electrons by two atoms -shared electrons count as part of each atoms valance shell |
|
Hydrogen bond |
forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom -in living cells, partners are usually oxygen and nitrogen |
|
van der waals |
residual attractive or repulsive forces between molecules or atomic groups that do not arise from a covalent bond, or electrostatic interaction |
|
what are the levels of taxonomy in order? |
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species |
|
describe the various properties of water |
cohesive behavior ability to moderate temperature expansion upon freezing versatility as a solvent |
|
what is the universal solvent? |
water |
|
hydrophobic vs hydrophylic |
hydrophobic-water repellent hydrophylic-water attractant |
|
what are the elements that make up living organisms? |
carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen |
|
what makes carbon an important element in biological systems? |
unparalleled ability to form large, complex, and varied molecules living organisms consist mostly of carbon based molecules |
|
cis-trans isomer |
have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements |
|
enantiomers |
isomers that are mirror images of eachother |
|
what are functional groups? |
components of organic molecules that are commonly involved in chemical reactions |
|
what are the functional groups |
Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl |
|
what are carbohydrates? |
sugars and the polymers of sugars |
|
why are carbohydrates important? |
used for storage and structure |
|
what are the 3 types of lipids |
fats phospholipids steroids |
|
describe fats |
energy storage triglyceride, saturated fats, unsaturated fats no polymer ester linkage |
|
describe phospholipids |
used for structure cell membrane phospholipid no polymer ester linkage |
|
describe steroids |
used for membrane structure steroids, testosterone, estrogen no polymer no linkage type |
|
saturated fats vs unsaturated fats |
saturated- no double bonds, maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible---solid at room temp---butter unsaturated- one or more double bonds--liquid at room temp---olive oil |
|
what is an isotope |
when an atom has one or more extra neutrons |