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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
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genotype
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genetic constitution of a cell, organism or individual; specific allele makeup of the individual; has reference to a single trait, set of traits or an entire complex of traits; inherited instructions for genetic code
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phenotype
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any observable characteristic or trait of an organism (biochemical or physiological properties, behavior) observable by technical procedures, behaviors (syndromes); GENOTYPE+ENVIRONMENT=PHENOTYPE
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allele
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one of 2 or more forms of DNA in sequence of a particular gene; synonymous with DNA sequence; results in different traits/expression of different genes
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homozygous
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having identical alleles for the same trait (e.g., BB, gg, XX)
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heterozygous
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having two different alleles for the same trait (e.g., Bb, Gg, Xx)
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autosome
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chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; equal number of copies in males and females; in humans there are 22 pairs of autosomes and then the X and Y chromosomes
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sex-linkage
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phenotypic expression of an allele related to chromosomal sex; more geneson X than Y chromosome therefore more X-linked traits; X-linked traits maternally inherited, Y-linked traits paternally inherited
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nondisjunction
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failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during cell division; result is imbalance of chromosomes; losing chromosome-monosomy, gaining chromosome-trisomy
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autotroph
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producer of organic compounds (fats, carbs, proteins) from simple inorganic chemical reactions (photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis); producers in the food chain
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chloroplast
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organelles found in the plant cells and conducts photosynthesis; captures light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP and reduce NADPto NADPH through photosynthesis; plastids
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photosynthesis
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process that converts CO2 into organic compounds; especially sugars arising from energy from sunlight; occurs in plants, algae, bacteria; 6CO2 (carbon dioxide)+6H20 (water)-->C6H1206 (sugar)+6O2 (water)
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the Calvin Cycle
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series of biochemical reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms; it's a dark reaction used for carbon fixations
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light reactions (of photosynthesis)
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photosynthesis (light to energy) first stages; take place on the thykaloid membrane (stroma or outside); contains proteins that catalyze reactions
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ATP
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Adenosine Triphosphate; multi-functional nucleotide; used in intracellular energy transport; serves as chemical energy within cells for metabolism
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NADPH
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate;in the last step of light reactions in photosynthesis, it is reduced to ferredoxin -NADP+ and is then used as reducing power in Calvin Cycle
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mitochondria
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energy factories of eukaryotic cells; ATP produced here using energy from food; done through respiration
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aerobic cellular respiration
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process in which cells convert biochemical energy into ATP and produce waste; key way cells gain useful energy; requires oxygen; carbs, fat and proteins can all be consumed as reactants but it is preferred method of pyruvate breakdown; requires pyruvate to enter mitochondrion and be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle
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glycolysis
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metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate; free energy released is used to form ATP and NADH; sequence of 10 reactions
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Kreb's Cycle
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process in which energy is extracted from pyruvate bonds; pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA; each glucose goes through the Kreb's cycle twice
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electron transport chain
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couples reaction between electron donor and acceptor through a series of biochemical reactions; used for extracting energy from sunlight and respiration
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food web
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representations of predator-prey relationships between species within an ecosystem or habitat
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ecosystem
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biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as non-living physical components (air, soil, water); as how organisms interact; biological community and its physical environment
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10% rule
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only ten percent or less of energy available to next highest trophic level; other 90+% is lost has heat
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natural capital
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stock of natural ecosystems yielding a flow of valuable goods or services into the future; structure and diversity of system important to flow and natural capital
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trophic level
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position an organism occupies on the food chain; succession of organisms that eat each other and are in turn eaten
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keystone species
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species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment based on its biomass; determine types and numbers of other various species in ecosystem
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exponential growth
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species population will grow exponentially until essential nutrient/factor is exhausted
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logistic growth
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rate of production is proportional to both the existing population and the amount of available resources, all else being equal
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limiting factor
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factor that controls a process, such as organism growth or species population size, or distribution
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carrying capacity
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population size of species that the environment can sustain indefinitely; maximal load
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biodiversity
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degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or the planet
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Carbon Cycle
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the cycle by which carbon is exchanged among biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of the earth
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overexploitation
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overharvesting; harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns
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evolution
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change in inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations
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natural selection
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process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers
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antibiotic resistance
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drug resistance where a microorganism is able to survive exposure to an antibiotic; results in a population of resilient bacteria
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variation
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biodiversity
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selection pressure
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inherited traits that lessen its effects can become widely spread through a population
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adaptation
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process by which a population becomes better suited to its habitat
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