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22 Cards in this Set
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deep sea |
5 depth zones poorly explored habitat very cold , some small areas are warm hydrothermal vents high pressure, 1atm per 10 meters hadal + abyssal zone pretty dark |
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deep sea food |
low nutrient density, carcasses and plant debris, fecal pellets, provide most of nutrients for deep sea whale fall, gets colonized pretty fast, some species endemic to whale fall |
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bone eating worms Osedax |
adapted to whale fall Osedax , annelid multiple species monterrey bay |
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deep sea |
infrequent disturbances, benthic storms, low currents/ like storms bioturbation/ animal turbation whale fall quite stable aside from these disturbance |
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first deep expeditions |
1860's HMS discovered animals in deep sea 1960'sChallenger pulled sample from bottom of sea 5km using epibenthic sled patchy distribution of species |
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species richness |
there is a max species richness at mid depth then falls steeply latitudinal diversity also applies to deep sea the ddepest parts of ocean are tied to what happens in surfae water, reflecting nutrient distribution of low latitudinal |
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mega fauna |
different adaptations most have lost swim bladder mobile octupus, squid and sessile , anemone, sea pens, |
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macro fauna small fauna |
retained on 1mm mesh screen mullusks, crustaceans |
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meiofauna tiny fauna |
retained on <1mm mesh screen very poorly known nematods, polychaetes copeworms , ostracods |
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deep sea diversity hypothesis 1, Stability time hypothesis, |
1, Stability time hypothesis, constant environment, stable interactions, specialization lack of distubance leads to microhabitats (burrow) 2, Biological disturbance: predation by megafauna reduces competition among macrofauna , in turn crops meiofauna topdown regualtion. |
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deep sea diversity hypothesis 2, Biological disturbance: |
2, Biological disturbance: predation by megafauna reduces competition among macrofauna , in turn crops meiofauna topdown regualtion. |
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deep sea diversity hypothesis 3 patchy food resources |
foods falls are very patchy and can support high species diversity many animals specialize on these habitats many are only foundn on these food falls |
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deep sea diversity hypothesis 4 very large habitat |
large area should be able to support high diversity |
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Source Sink Hypothesis |
only applies to abyssal depths metric= abundance # of individuals largest abundance is at shallow , abyssal depth very low in number of bodies how do they find mates/ food? abyssal depths are habitats that are driven by activity above on surface, shallower waters |
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deep sea vent communities |
essentially volcanic activity, lie on mountain ranges tectonic movement, spreading ridges heat source, magma comes out and hits cold water, chemistry, minerals precipitate quickly , called black smokers , |
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vent fauna |
vents host high diversity, same groups as shallow water. |
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benthopelagic communities |
communities that live around the vents, copepods and zooplankton driven by chemoautotrophic |
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Feeding Vent communities |
Vents driven by chemoautotrophic bacteria which , reduce Sulfur and other compounds, in turn receive energy microbial production is 2-3 times more efficient than surface macrofauna developed symbiotic relationship with these bacteria get recolonized quickly |
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Colonization |
larvae has geochemical signal that detects vent settle near vents |
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Cold Seeps |
No volcanic action, Gas Deposit / Gulf Gas seeps out, methane, sulfide, hydrocarbons 400-8,000 meters, not too deep Methane Ice Worms, polyceates live in frozen methane |
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vent tubeworms |
sequenced fauna from different areas, shallow deep sea. go from normal marine level from seeps to vents , progression not shallow to vents. |
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anthropogenic impacts of deep sea |
trawlling, long lining , ghost fishing, mining , bovine dna was found when sequenced, from trash thrown out on ships . not so isolated as thought |
