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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sensory receptor
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Specialized neurons designed to deal with input from a particular stimulus
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Sensory transduction
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process by which stimuli are transduced into slow, graded receptor potentials
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Receptor potential
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slow, graded electrical potential produced b receptor cell
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Hue
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Dominant wavelength of color
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Brightness
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intensity of a color
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Saturation
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purity of a color
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vergence movement
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keeps both eyes focused on the same target
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Saccadic movement
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small, jerky motions of the eye to perceive different parts of the visual scene
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Pursuit movement
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steady motion following object in visual field
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Accommodation
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process of focusing, done by cilliary muscles altering shape of lens
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Accommodation
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process of focusing, done by cilliary muscles altering shape of lens
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Retina
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interior lining of back of the eye
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Rod
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responsible for low light vision (120m)
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Cone
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responsible for acute, color vision (6m)
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Photoreceptor
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rods and cones
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Fovea
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center of retina, purely cones, highest acuity
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Optic disk
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site of connection of all visual axons connecting to optic nerve, actually produces a blind spot in vision
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Bipolar cell
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middle layer of retina, connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells
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Ganglion cell
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axons form optic nerve, connect to bipolar
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Horizontal cell
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connect photoreceptors and outer processes of bipolar cells
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Amacrine cell
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amacrine: ganglion::horizontal:bipolar
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Lamella
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layer of photopigments, hundreds in each photoreceptor
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Photopigment
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protein dye bonded to retinal, split apart when exposed to light (“bleached”)
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Opsin
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protein dye of photopigment
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Retinal
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lipid derived from vit. A, part of photopigment
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Rhodopsin
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photopigment of rods
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Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
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region of thalamus optic nerves connect to, 6 layers of neurons
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Magnocellular layer
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Inner two layers of LGN, larger cells
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Parvocellular layer
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Outer four layers of LGN, smaller cells
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Koniocellular sublayer
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Ventral to magnocellular layers
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Calcarine fissure
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“spur shaped” fissure, posterior occipital lobe, site of primary visual cortex
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Striate cortex
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PV Cortex, stains dark
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Optic chiasm
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X shaped crossing of optic nerves at base of brain
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Receptive field
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part of visual field individual neuron sees
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protanopia
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red/green color blindness, see world in yellow/blue
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Deuteranopia
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red/green color blindness, green cones are red
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Tritanopia
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No blue cones, see green and reds
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Negative afterimage
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opposite of pair seen if image stared at
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Complementary colors
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make white when paired together: red/green, yellow/blue etc.
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Simple cell
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striate cell which responds to orientation in opponent fashion
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Complex cell
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responds to orientation , does not inhibit surrounding area (as simple cell)
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Hypercomplex cell
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detect ends of lines
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Sine-wave grating
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fuzzy set of alternating lines (sine wave)
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Spatial frequency
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brightness measures in cycles per degree of visual angle
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Retinal disparity
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difference in image from each retina used to construct 3D information
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Cytochrome oxidase (CO) blob
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staining indicates high concentration of mitochondria, layers 2,3, somewhat 5,6 of striate. Indicates sensitivity to color
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Ocular dominance
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% of input from each eye
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Extrastriate cortex
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surrounds striate cortex, receives inputs from SC and superior colliculim, sends outputs to inferior temporal cortex
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Dorsal stream
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perceive spatial location, striate cortex -> posterior parietal cortex
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Ventral stream
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perceive form, striate cortex -> inferior temporal cortex
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Inferior temporal cortex
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end of ventral stream; objects, bodies, faces
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Posterior parietal cortex
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end of dorsal stream; movement, location
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Color constancy
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colors appear the same in different light, brain compensates for different levels
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Cerebral achromatopsia
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black and white vision
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Visual agnosia
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Can’t recognize objects
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Lateral occipital complex
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region of extrastriate cortex, recognizes objects other than people
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Prosopagnosia
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Failure to recognize people by faces
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Fusiform face area(FFA)
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part of visual association cortex for faces
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Extrastriate body area (EBA)
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perception of bodies
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Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
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scene recognition
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Optic flow
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constant motion of objects in visual field, used to determine distance and motion
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Akinetopsia
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inability to perceive movement
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Intraparietal sulcus (IPS)
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end of dorsal stream, deals with hand-eye
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Ossicle
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a bone of the middle ear
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Malleus
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The hammer
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Incus
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The anvil
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Stapes
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The stirrup
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Oval Window
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Hole in bone around cochlea, impacted by stapes to transmit to cochlea
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Organ of Corti
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basilar membrane + hair cells + tectorial membrane
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Hair cell
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Auditory receptor cells
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Deiters’s cell
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anchor and support hair cells
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Basilar membrane
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membrane w/in cochlea containing o.of.c.
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Tectorial membrane
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Above basilar membrane, serves as shelf against which cilia of auditory cells move
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Round window
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allows fluid in cochlea to move (cannot be compressed)
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Cochlear nerve
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branch of auditory nerve: cochlea -> brain
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Olivocochlear bundle
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bundle of efferent axons that travel from olivary complex of medulla to auditory hair cells
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Tonotropic Representation
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Mapping of sound represented in different areas of the brain
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Core Region
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Primary auditory cortex, located on a gyrus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe
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Belt region
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First level of auditory association, surrounds primary auditory cortex
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Parabelt region
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Secondary level of auditory association surrounds belt region
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Place code
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location of neurons on cochlea stimulated produces sensation of pitch
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Rate coding
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Process by which information is detected by rate of firing of neurons (low frequencies)
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Phase Differences
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Relative position of eardrums determines azimuth (direction of sound)
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Ruffini corpuscle
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Vibration sensitive organ located in hairy skin – indentation of skin
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Pacinian corpuscle
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encapsulated nerve ending detecting vibrations
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Meissner’s corpuscle
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touch sensitive end organs of corpuscles – brief taps
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Merkel’s disk
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Adjacent to sweat ducts – indentation of skin
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