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341 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the commuter sprawl
|
the large and growing suburbs of a city from which people travel to work
|
|
wrapped up
|
folded and arranged neatly
|
|
bundles of notes
|
an amount of paper money tied up together in blocks
|
|
the anonymous donor
|
the unidentified person who left the gift
|
|
slipped in
|
entered a room quietly
|
|
reclaimed
|
asked to be returned to the person to whom it belongs
|
|
striking
|
noticeable, impressive
قابل توجه |
|
turned in
|
has been taken to the police to be looked after
|
|
recovered
|
found and collected
|
|
safes
|
box made of reinforced metal to store valuables
|
|
pastries
|
baked foods
|
|
a levy
|
a tax
|
|
saturated fat
|
substance found in certain foods that is thought to contribute to heart disease
|
|
reduce consumption
|
lower the use of something
|
|
hoarding
|
buying a large amount more than they need to keep for future use
احتکار |
|
to beat the price rise
|
to avoid paying a higher price later
|
|
scepticism
|
doubt about the effectiveness of the decision
تردید |
|
claims
|
states as truth without necessarily proving it
|
|
premature deaths
|
deaths that happen earlier than expected
|
|
waistband
|
the top of a pair of trousers or skirt that attaches around the waist
|
|
campaign
|
a set of activities planned to achieve something
|
|
criticism
|
the expression of disapproval of someone or something
انتقاد |
|
biodegradable
|
something that decomposes or breaks down naturally without any special treatment
زیست تخریب پذیر |
|
compulsory
|
something that must be done
اجباری |
|
financial levy
|
a sum of money that you pay in tax
|
|
landfill sites
|
a place where a large amounts of waste materials are disposed of
سایت های دفن زباله |
|
to wean
|
to gradually make people stop doing something or using something
از شیر مادر گرفتن |
|
behaviour
|
the way people or things act
|
|
environmentally friendly
|
a caring effect on the natural world
|
|
ethos
|
set of ideas and attitudes
صفات و شخصیت انسان |
|
a facility
|
a group of buildings and structures that are used for a particular purpose
امکانات |
|
quest
|
a long and hard search for something that is difficult or maybe even impossible to find
|
|
an array of
|
a group of similar items
|
|
plateaus
|
a plateau is an area of flat land that is higher than the land around it. The plural can also be spelt 'plateaux'.
|
|
emanated from
|
came from
|
|
flagship
|
most important
|
|
a tribute
|
something that is done to show respect and admiration for someone
|
|
visionary
|
an original thinker with intelligence and imagination
رویایی |
|
to pay tribute to
|
to do something as a mark of respect for someone
|
|
passed away
|
died
|
|
a diehard fan of
|
a dedicated follower of
|
|
a household name
|
a product that is very widely known across all levels of society
|
|
snapped up
|
bought in large numbers very quickly
|
|
tweeted
|
wrote messages on the social media platform Twitter
|
|
idolised
|
admired greatly
|
|
murky haze
|
air difficult to see through due to smoke
|
|
pollution hotspots
|
areas where the air has its highest concentration of harmful substances
|
|
acute
|
severe; serious
حاد, بحرانی |
|
seasonal average
|
usual temperatures for that time of the year
|
|
exacerbated
|
worsened
بدتر |
|
perennial
|
continuous
همیشگی |
|
smog
|
heavily polluted air that contains a mixture of smoke
|
|
a trick of nature
|
an event that has not being prompted by man
|
|
a shallow bowl
|
a depressed landscape with surroundings slightly higher than the centre
|
|
triggered
|
brought about
باعث |
|
iconic
|
famous or well known. Also something that represents a place
یاد |
|
landmark
|
place which is easily identifiable
|
|
perched
|
sitting in a position that is close to the edge
|
|
inaugurated
|
opened officially
|
|
flock to
|
gather together in large numbers and go somewhere
|
|
stress
|
a feeling of tension and worry
|
|
absence
|
being unavailable
|
|
tough
|
difficult, hard
سخت ,زمخت |
|
employees
|
people who are paid to work for somebody
|
|
taking its toll
|
causing suffering, harm or damage
خسارت گرفتن |
|
public sector
|
part of the economy that is controlled or supported financially by the government
بخش دولتی |
|
organisational change
|
replacing the structure of a workplace with a different one
|
|
job security
|
the probability of someone keeping their job for a long time
|
|
redundancies
|
jobs which will stop existing
|
|
a strategy
|
a plan to achieve something
|
|
counselling
|
professional advice about a problem
مشاوره |
|
she'd rather
|
she would prefer
|
|
dubbed
|
given a name, usually by the media
لقب |
|
day release
|
scheme that allows her to leave prison during daytime
|
|
having none of it
|
not accepting any of the terms offered
|
|
intend
|
plan
قصد داشتن ,خیال داشتن |
|
betrayed by
|
deceived by
خیانت |
|
low-life
|
not high-class
|
|
complained
|
expressed unhappiness about
|
|
allowance
|
amount of money received regularly from the person who financially supported her
مستمری |
|
ferret
|
long-bodied furry mammal
موش خرما |
|
fonts
|
different styles and sizes of letters that are used in printing or typing
|
|
an array
|
a group or collection of things or people, often large or impressive
|
|
typography
|
the way of preparing and arranging printed material, especially designing how text will appear when it's printed
فن چاپ |
|
calligraphy
|
the art of producing beautiful handwriting often using a brush or a special pen
خطاطی ,خوش نویسی |
|
unsophisticated
|
simple and basic
|
|
characteristics
|
qualities or features that are typical of someone or something
|
|
humanitarian
|
concerned with reducing suffering and improving the conditions that people live in
بشر دوست |
|
competent
|
efficient and effective
شایسته |
|
loathed
|
disliked very much
منفور |
|
jaunty
|
light-hearted, full of confidence and energetic
خود نما ,جلف |
|
modest
|
not talking a lot about himself and his achievements
متواضع ,فروتن |
|
to draw
draw |
to receive
قرعه کشیدن |
|
well-informed
|
having a good general knowledge and understanding of current affairs
|
|
windfall
|
a large amount of money which is received unexpectedly
ثروت باد اورده |
|
in my wildest dreams
|
when I imagined what the best result for me could be
|
|
to pay off his debts
|
to pay all the money that he owes to companies and other people
|
|
aired
|
broadcast
|
|
hosted by
|
presented by
|
|
noted
|
famous and respected
|
|
espionage
|
spying; the work of trying to learn the secrets of one country to pass on to another
|
|
brush past
|
walk in opposite directions towards each other and just touch as they pass
|
|
undergrowth
|
bushes, plants and weeds growing under the trees of a wooded area
|
|
handler
|
someone who acts as a contact for a spy
|
|
infiltrator
|
a person who secretly becomes part of a group in order to get information about that group
|
|
cover
|
everyday job used to hide the work of a spy
|
|
blown
|
discovered and revealed
|
|
broke up
|
arrested the members of
|
|
assuming the identities of
|
using the names and documents of other people
|
|
an intriguing glimpse of
|
a fascinating view of
|
|
freak
|
unusual, irregular
دم دمی مزاج |
|
Mother Nature
|
an expression used to refer to the power of nature, the weather and so on
|
|
blizzards
|
heavy snowstorms with strong winds
|
|
treacherous
|
extremely dangerous
|
|
grounded
|
not permitted to fly
|
|
death toll
|
number of people who died
تلفات |
|
condemned
|
criticised very strongly
|
|
desecrating
|
damaging and showing no respect for
بی حرمت کردن |
|
scrap metal
|
metal from old items which can be sold and then reused
|
|
adopted
|
accepted
|
|
legitimate
|
reasonable and acceptable
مشروع |
|
vexed
|
complicated and controversial, causing a lot of disagreement
بحث بر انگیز |
|
meticulous
|
careful and extremely detailed
خیلی دقیق |
|
to cover their costs
|
to make enough money to pay for their expenses
|
|
laden with
|
with a big cargo of
بارگیری شده ,مملو |
|
bank transfers
|
a method of moving money from one bank account to another
|
|
postal orders
|
official documents with an amount of money printed on them which can be exchanged at a post office for real money
|
|
paper planes
|
toy aeroplanes made from folded paper
|
|
compound
|
a property or group of buildings protected by fences and security
محوطه |
|
tax evasion
|
the crime of not paying money owed to a tax-raising authority
|
|
a cover
|
an official excuse which disguises the true reason
|
|
a fierce government critic
|
a person with strong public opinions against the government
|
|
dogged pursuit
|
very determined following of
|
|
illegal fundraising
|
collecting money in a way which is against the law
|
|
to get at
|
to criticise
|
|
segregation
|
تفکیک ,جدایی
|
|
unchartered territory
|
an unfamiliar situation
|
|
in control
|
has power to give orders and make decisions
|
|
stuttered
|
gone through in an unsure way, with stop and start
|
|
widespread allegations
|
a great number of statements not yet proven saying that illegal or improper things were done
|
|
vote rigging
|
dishonest way of influencing the result of an election through tampering with the vote
|
|
an embarrassment
|
bound to cause shame
|
|
reflects
|
shows
|
|
fatigue
|
tiredness
|
|
dominated
|
influenced decisively
تحت سلطه |
|
political stage
|
arena of politics
|
|
sheer
|
completely vertical
|
|
hair-raising
|
something so scary your hair stands up!
|
|
volatile
|
something that can change suddenly and unexpectedly
|
|
ravaged
|
harmed or damaged, nearly destroyed
ویران |
|
mineral resources
|
things that are found naturally in the earth, such as tin, salt, coal
|
|
erupting volcano
|
a type of mountain which has hot melted rock, steam and ash bursting out of the top
|
|
lava
|
the hot liquid rock which comes out of a volcano and becomes solid as it cools
|
|
spewing out
|
pouring out quickly and in large quantities
|
|
proximity
|
closeness
|
|
to flee
|
to run away
|
|
endangered
|
a person, animal or place that is in danger of being harmed or destroyed
|
|
no doubting
|
no questioning of the truthfulness (of something)
|
|
lava flows
|
continuous movement of lava in the form of a river
|
|
gentle
|
mild and soft
ملایم |
|
outflows
|
outpour
بیرون ریختن |
|
the charred remains
|
matter reduced to charcoal after being burnt
|
|
violent mode
|
behaviour marked by great force and intensity
|
|
lethal
|
deadly
مهلک ,مرگ اور |
|
to predict
|
to say something will happen before it does
|
|
off-limits
|
area not to be entered, of limited access
|
|
warning
|
message indicating impending danger
|
|
trend
|
a general direction in which a situation is developing
گرایش ,تمایل |
|
the high street
|
the main street of a town where most of the shops are located
|
|
discounts
|
amounts of money taken off the full price of things - sometimes used as an incentive to get people to buy them
|
|
in the black
|
to be in profit (opposite of in the red)
|
|
struggling
|
trying hard to do something in a difficult situation or when there are problems
|
|
estimated
|
not an exact calculation but an approximate idea of the number has been worked out
|
|
transactions
|
The selling of things from one person to another
معاملات |
|
accustomed
|
to become familiar with doing something so that it becomes normal or usual
خو گرفته |
|
retailers
|
people or businesses who sell goods to the public
خرده فروشان |
|
convenient
|
useful, easy or quick to do
راحت ,مناسب |
|
carnivorous plants
|
plants that feed on insects
گیاهان گوشتخوار |
|
lizard
|
a small reptile with a long body, long tail and four legs
مارمولک |
|
the wildlife pantheon
|
a selection of species considered more famous or important
|
|
aversion
|
strong dislike of
بیزاری ,نفرت |
|
a treasure trove of biodiversity
|
a place where there are many fantastic animals and plants which haven't been seen by scientists before
|
|
pressure is mounting
|
gradually increasing the exploitation of something
|
|
resources
|
supplies of raw materials
|
|
natural habitats
|
areas that offer the right conditions for a species to develop
زیستگاه های طبیعی |
|
conservation
|
the preservation of species
حفظ منابع طبیعی ,حفاظت |
|
sustainability
|
keeping something going without outside help
پایداری |
|
mimic
|
to copy someone's behaviour or speech
تقلید کردن ,دست انداختن تقلیدی |
|
domestic chores
|
regular and usually boring tasks you have to do at home
کارهای روزمره خانگی |
|
replica
|
a good copy of something
|
|
creepy
|
a strange or unpleasant feeling of fear
وحشت زده |
|
sum up
|
to summarise
|
|
app
|
an informal abbreviation for an application on a computer or mobile device
|
|
carbon footprint
|
the amount of carbon dioxide that is produced by a person or company's activities
|
|
credit crunch
|
a reduction in the availability of loans or credit
|
|
hardship
|
a difficult situation, often caused by lack of money
|
|
hard pressed
|
under a lot of pressure and worry
|
|
prevailing
|
very common in a certain time or place
|
|
a contender
|
someone or something that has a chance of winning in a competition
مدعی |
|
vague
|
unclear
مبهم |
|
persist
|
continue to exist
|
|
the emblem
|
a picture of logo that represents a country
|
|
wild beasts
|
untamed animals, usually big and four-legged
|
|
spectators
|
people who watch an event
|
|
mighty monument
|
imposing building with a strong historical significance
بنای یادبود |
|
crumbling
|
falling into pieces
فاسد شده ,در حال فروپاشی |
|
environmentalists
|
people who are very interested in the environment and try to protect it from being damaged
محیط زیست شناسان |
|
precarious state
|
not stable or secure
متزلزل |
|
exhaust fumes
|
gases expelled by an active vehicle engine
دود اگزوز |
|
vibrations
|
periodic motions or shakes
لرزش و ارتعاش |
|
restoration project
|
building works to make a building resemble its original condition
|
|
overtook
|
surpassed
سبقت ,پیشی گرفتن |
|
proven oil reserves
|
confirmed information of the existence of crude oil deposits
|
|
stretches over
|
spreads or covers a large area
|
|
sticky
|
substance that tends to fix to any surface it touches
چسبنده |
|
refine
|
purify the raw material
پالایش |
|
ecosystem
|
the animals and plants in a particular geographical area and how they interact with each other
|
|
investment costs
|
money spent in the process of bringing oil to the surface
|
|
unprecedented
|
that never happened before
بی سابقه |
|
the consortia
|
several groups of companies joined together
|
|
to commit to
|
to do something that can't be changed
متعهد به |
|
landlord
|
owner of a property
|
|
barking mad
|
completely insane
|
|
dog-friendly
|
describes somewhere dogs are welcome
|
|
beverages
|
drinks
|
|
a treat
|
very well
|
|
auction
|
public sale where the person who offers most money receives the goods; Opposite: Tender
حراج ,مزایده |
|
closely watched
|
followed with particular attention
|
|
the bidding
|
the offering of money at an auction
|
|
smashed (a record)
|
easily broke (a record)
شکستن |
|
a chain (of restaurants)
|
a group of restaurants with similar appearance, name and shared central management
|
|
to liven up
|
to bring happiness and cheer
|
|
recover
|
to go back to the way it was (before a disaster, illness etc)
|
|
battered by (something)
|
badly affected by (something)
|
|
mouthful
|
a piece of food small enough to be eaten in one bite; morsel
لقمه |
|
works out at
|
is calculated to be
|
|
adrenaline junkie
|
someone addicted to dangerous activities
|
|
into the void
|
into an empty space with no immediate touchable ground
|
|
a nightmare
|
a bad dream
کابوس |
|
in one piece
|
with no serious injury
|
|
cuts and bruises
|
minor injuries
بریدگی و کوفتگی |
|
to ban
|
to stop or forbid something
|
|
internal emails
|
emails sent and received between employees in the workplace
|
|
spam
|
junk emails
|
|
definitive
|
something that's determined, fixed or conclusive
قطعی |
|
embedding
|
implanting, to fix firmly
تعبیه |
|
to get rid of
|
to stop or clear away
|
|
keeping records
|
keeping evidence of things that happen
|
|
gathering momentum
|
getting faster and more detailed
|
|
coming under suspicion
|
being questioned
|
|
vessel
|
boat or a ship
|
|
coastguard
|
organisation which ensures the safety of ships and boats near the coast
|
|
shoreline
|
coast
|
|
the wreck
|
the remains of a ship which has sunk
|
|
maze
|
confusing system of passages
|
|
cabins
|
rooms in a boat or ship where people sleep
|
|
corridor
|
passage between rooms
|
|
member of the crew
|
person who works on a ship or plane
|
|
sanctuary
|
safe place
پناه گاه |
|
overwhelmed
|
received a number greater than it would normally cope with
بیش از اندازه |
|
washed up
|
brought to the shore of a body of water
از پا افتادن |
|
stuffed
|
totally filled with (something)
پر شده |
|
overfishing
|
fishing too much to the point of threatening the local fish population
|
|
a film buff
|
a person who is very interested in films and knows a lot about them
|
|
art-house
|
films which are made by small companies and are not usually seen by a wide audience
|
|
blockbuster
|
a very successful film financially
|
|
aesthetic
|
concerned with beauty and art and the understanding of beautiful things
زیبایی شناسی |
|
orphaned
|
made parentless through death
یتیم |
|
grief
|
a feeling of great sadness, especially when somebody dies
اندوه ,غم |
|
for posterity
|
for all the people who will live in the future
آیندگان |
|
A-levels
|
exams taken by 18 year-olds in England and Wales
|
|
resembled
|
seemed like
شباهت |
|
ridiculous
|
very silly
مضحک ,خنده دار |
|
elitist
|
for the interest of a small group of people who want to exclude others
نخبه گرا, تافته جدا بافته |
|
mocked
|
joked about
تمسخر |
|
rejection letter
|
letter which tells someone they are not wanted
|
|
employ
|
use
استخدام کردن ,بکار گرفتن |
|
let somebody down
|
disappoint someone
نا امید کردن ,محروم کردن |
|
procedures
|
set of actions considered normal in a certain situation
روش ,روند |
|
state schools
|
schools funded by government rather than paid for directly by parents
|
|
maize
|
a tall plant grown for its large yellow grains of corn
ذرت ,بلال |
|
domesticated
|
changed into something suitable for human consumption
اهلی ,خانگی |
|
assumed
|
believed to be true
مفروض |
|
diet
|
the food and drink we eat regularly
رژیم غذایی |
|
corn cobs
|
the long hard parts of the maize plant that the yellow grains grow on
چوب ذرت |
|
archaeological sites
|
places where historical remains of buildings and objects have been found in the ground
مکانهای باستان شناسی |
|
indicate
|
show it is likely
نشان دادن |
|
pottery
|
pots and dishes made with clay that have been baked in the oven
سفالگری |
|
lacked
|
had not enough of
فاقد |
|
an age
|
a particular period of history
سده٬ دوران |
|
stand-off
|
a dispute that has reached a situation where no agreement can be reached
|
|
eviction
|
forced removal of someone (from their land)
اخراج |
|
lease
|
legal agreement (to pay to use a building or land)
|
|
livelihoods
|
work that earn people money to live on
معیشت ,امرار معاش |
|
fertile environment
|
the necessary conditions for (corruption) to easily develop
|
|
corruption
|
dishonest or illegal behaviour
فساد ,انحراف |
|
privatise
|
sell state property to private owners
|
|
constitution
|
the system of laws and basic principles that a state is governed by
قانون اساسی |
|
reluctant
|
hesitating, not keen
بی میل ,مخالف |
|
confrontations
|
face-to-face disagreements between two groups of people
برخورد ,رویارویی |
|
landmark
|
well-known building or structure
|
|
cracks
|
partial breaks
|
|
subsidence
|
movement of earth
نشست ,فروکش |
|
time is on (its) side
|
it won't happen quickly
|
|
tilt
|
lean to one side
کج شدن |
|
autism
|
the mental condition in which a person is unable to communicate or form relationships with others
|
|
behavioural problems
|
issues relating to how someone functions in certain situations
|
|
to spot
|
to identify
در نظر گرفتن |
|
disorder
|
illness or condition
اختلال ,نابهنجاری |
|
eye contact
|
looking directly into another's eyes
|
|
brainwaves
|
electrical signals in the brain
|
|
diagnose
|
work out
تشخیص دادن |
|
conditions
|
illness or medical problem
|
|
alleviate
|
make less severe
کم کردن ,ارام کردن |
|
symptoms
|
signs that show you are not healthy
|
|
reputations
|
someone's image, the opinions people have about them
سابقه ,شهرت |
|
unflattering
|
less attractive than they really are; candid
بی پرده ,بی ریا ,صاف و ساده |
|
investigated
|
examined
بررسی |
|
privacy
|
a person's ability to keep some personal information secret
خلوت ,تنهایی |
|
mysterious
|
strange
مرموز |
|
blogs
|
online diaries
|
|
capsized
|
turned over in water
واژگون |
|
speculating
|
formulating opinions about something without knowing all the facts
حدس و گمان |
|
etiquette
|
the formal rules of correct behaviour
اداب معاشرت |
|
abandoned
|
left behind forever
متروک |
|
heroic
|
showing extreme courage and admired by many people
قهرمانانه |
|
custom
|
an accepted way of doing things
رسم ,سنت ,عرف |
|
compels
|
forces someone to do something
|
|
genes
|
the units in the cells of a living thing that determine its physical characteristics
|
|
contradicts
|
says or does the opposite of something
تناقض داشتن با ,مخالف بودن با |
|
mistress
|
a woman who a married man is having a regular sexual relationship with and who is not his wife
معشوقه |
|
draughty
|
room prone to have unpleasant cold wind flowing through
|
|
expand
|
increase
|
|
reality TV
|
show made for television starring ordinary people being observed in their ordinary roles
|
|
low-rate loan
|
money borrowed cheaply
|
|
successor
|
a person who follows another in a particular post
جانشین ,قائم مقام |
|
entrepreneur
|
a person who starts a business
کارآفرین ,موسس شرکت |
|
propaganda
|
dissemination of biased information
تبلیغات |
|
masquerading
|
pretending to be something else
تغییر ظاهر |
|
denies
|
says that something is not true
انکار کردن ,تکذیب کردن |
|
electioneering
|
statement or act performed solely with the objective of attracting votes
انتخاباتی |