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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Elements in a simple sentence:
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SUBJECT
VERB OBJECT COMPLIMENT ADVERB |
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Connects independent clauses together but doesn't indicate their relationship.
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Compound Sentence
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Coordinating conjunctions
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FAN BOYS
FOR BUT AND OR NOR YET SO |
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COMPLEX SENTENCE
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Independent Clause
+ Dependant Clause |
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When the dependent clause comes first...
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,use a comma to separate the two clauses.
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Use no comma...
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when the independent clause comes first.
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Subordinating Conjunctions
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after, although, as, because, before, even though, if, since, though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, wherever, while
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Non-defining relative clause
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usually between commas
The fish, which stank, was inedible. Gives information but is not essential. |
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Defining relative clause
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Gives info to define or identify
the person or thing we are talking about. Elephants who marry mice are unusual. |
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Direct Speech
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What people actually say.
Is put between " ." Bob said he "fell into a comma while studying grammar." |
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Reported Speech
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We report the info by changing the words.
He fell into a comma while studying grammar. |
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The two tenses in the English Language:
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Past & Present
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The three aspects
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Perfect
Continuous Simple (not really) |
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Present Continuous formation
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S+be+V-ing
I am speaking. |
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Present Continuous Use
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•expresses actions happening around now or exactly now.
•expresses action happening in the future. |
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Past Continuous Formation
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S+ was/were + V-ing
aux verb be in simple past I was watching TV. |
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Past Continuous Use
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The past cont. expresses an action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before the moment but has not finished at the moment.
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Past Continuous & Simple Past
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The two are often used together.
I was watching TV when you telephoned. |
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Present Perfect Construction
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S+ HAVE + main verb
past participle You have eaten |
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Present Perfect Use
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Has a connection to the past and the present.
An action took place in the past and a memory of it exists in the present. I have seen ET the movie. Three basic uses: experience, change or new information, continuing situation. |
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For & Since with the Present Perfect
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We use FOR to talk about a period or duration of time: 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years
We use SINCE to talk about a point in past time: 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday |
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Present Perfect Continuous Formation
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S + have/has + been + V-ing
She has been wearing glasses for years. |
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Present Perfect Continuous Use
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•We use the Present Perfect Continuous when we measure the duration so far of a present action or to specify when it began.
•used with for, since or with the question how long...? |
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Past Perfect Continuous Formation
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S + HAD + BEEN + V-ING
They had been losing a lot of money. |
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Past Perfect Continuous Use
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expresses an event that took place before a particular point in the past.
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The Simple Aspect
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•Not really an aspect
USES •To denote permanence Juan lives in Spain •To denote fixed time reference I went there yesterday •To denote completion I bought it yesterday |
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Conditionals
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We use conditionals to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.
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C0
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Present: If you drop the eggs they break.
Always present/general statement |
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C1
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1st part present/ 2nd Future: If you drop that egg it will break.
Real and could happen. |
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C2
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1st part Simple Past/ 2nd Modal:
If you dropped that egg it would break. Edge of no longer being possible/slim chance/hypothetical |
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C3
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1st past perfect/2nd modal have:
If you'd dropped that egg it would've broken. |
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Modals Definition
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are auxliary verbs that function as an indicator of the speaker's judgement about the likelihood or desirability of the situation in question.
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Pure Modals (9)
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will
would can could shall should may might must |
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Impure Modals (3)
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ought to
have to need to |
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Characteristics of modals
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• no use of "s"
• Can't be used with another auxiliary. • Doesn't change • the verb that follows the modal changes. • Inversion questions • No infinitive |
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What modals express what?
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?????
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Multi-word verb construction
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made of a verb and one or more particles.
come to put up with |
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Particle Definition
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are words we use as adverbs and/or prepositions in other contexts.
away, back, off, on out |
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Type 1
no object, intransitive |
doesn't take a D.O.
Multi-word Verbs The plane took off. |
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Type 2
object, transitive |
needs a D.O.
inseparable: can't go between the verb and the particle. Can you look after the children? Multi-word Verbs |
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Type 3
Object(transitive) |
need a D.O
separable: can go between the verb and the particle Can you put my parents up if they come? Can you put up my parents if they come? Multi-word verbs |
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Type 4
Object(transitive) |
has two particles
which are inseparable You should look up to teachers. Multi-word Verbs |
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Active Voice
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We mostly speak this.
The boy broke the glass. The Subject is the indicator of the action. |
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Passive Voice
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is mostly written.
The glass was broken by the boy. The object of the verb is now the subject. |