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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Digit Span
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Number of digits sequentially read out that can be recalled in correct order.
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Working Memory Span
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Memory span task which requires simultaneous storage and processing.
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Chunking
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The process of combining a number of items into a single chunk typically on the basis of LTM.
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The Peterson Task
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Short-term forgetting task with a delay filled by a mask before subsequent recall.
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Free Recall
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Direct/Explicit: Memory test which requires un-ordered recall of items.
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Primacy Effect
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A tendency for the FIRST few items in a list to be well recalled (rehearsal theory).
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Recency Effect
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A tendency for the LAST few items in a list to be well recalled.
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Long-term Recency
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A tendency for the last few items to be well recalled under conditions of long-term memory.
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Phonological Loop
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Baddeley and Hitch: The temporary storage of verbal information (memory span).
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Phonological Similarity Effect
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Phonological Loop: When words are similar in sound memory span decreases.
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Articulatory Suppression
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Phonological Loop: Disrupts verbal rehearsal by requiring participant to continually repeat a spoken item.
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Word Length Effect
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A tendency for memory span to decrease with longer words.
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Nonsense Syllables
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Meaningless consonant-vowel-consonant items meant to avoid the complicating of meaning.
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Irrelevant Sound Effect
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Phonological Loop: Impaired by concurrent fluctuating sounds, including speech or music.
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Double-dissociation
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When two patients show opposite patterns of deficit, e.g. normal STM/impaired LTM, and normal LTM/impaired STM.
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Corsi block tapping
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Visuo-spatial STM: Tester taps in a sequence of blocks and patient attempts to copy.
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Visuo-spatial STM
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The short retention of visual and/or spatial information.
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Spatial Memory Distinction
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Visuo-spatial STM: The 'where' information.
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Object Memory Distinction
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Visuo-spatial STM: The 'what' information.
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Working Memory (WM)
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This is the system which allows our processing of the environment, requiring both storage and processing.
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Attention Blink
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Attention limitation test: If there is not a large enough gap between items participants don't miss them.
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Atkinson and Shiffrin (1971): Modal Model
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Environmental input -> Sensory registers (visual, auditory, haptic) -> STM/WM (output comes from here) <=> LTM
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Levels of Processing
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Craik and Lockhart: Items that are more deeply processed (Lexical Decision task, "is X a word?") will be better remembered.
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Central Executive (CE)
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An attentionally limited system that selects and manipulates material in the subsystems.
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Baddeley and Hitch (1974): Working Memory Model
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Visuo-spatial Sketchpad <=> Central Executive <=> Phonological Loop
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Phonological Loop
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WM Model: The system responsible for temporary storing speech-information.
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Visuo-spatial Sketchpad
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WM Model: The system responsible for temporary maintaining visuo-spatial information.
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Image Manipulation
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The mental processing of physical objects, allowing manipulation within one's mind.
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Semantic Coding
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Processing an item in terms of meaning, hence relating to other information stored in LTM.
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Episodic Coding
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Processing an item in terms of contextual cues, hence relating to other information stored in LTM.
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Nonword Repetition Test
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A test which requires participants to repeat back an ever increasing non-word until they cannot.
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Logie (1995): Working Memory Model
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SIimilar to Baddeley and Hitch's but renames the subsystems and suggests all interactions are always fed by LTM.
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Episodic Buffer
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Baddeley and Hitch: Part of their WM model, suggesting an interaction with LTM to bolster memory.
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Visual Cache
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Logie: WM model, a counterpart to the traditional Phonological Loop (inner speech), maintained by the inner scribe.
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Supervisory Attentional System (SAS)
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Attention component of the WM model proposed by Norman and Shallice.
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Confabulation
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Recollection of something that did not happen.
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Binding
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Refers to the linking of features into objects (semantic), or of events into episodes (episodic).
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Inhibition
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The suppression of activities (i.e., rehearsal).
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Inhibition, Retroactive
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The impairment of new memories by earlier memories.
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Inhibition, Proactive
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The impairment of memories by new memories.
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Resource Sharing
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Use of limited attentional capacity to maintain two or more simultaneous activities.
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Task Switching
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A process where a limited capacity system (CE) maintains activity on two or more tasks by switching between them.
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Attention Switch
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Switching attention markedly slows performance, particularly when participants need to 'remember' to switch.
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Long-term Working Memory
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The concept of LTM helping WM to maintain complex cognitive activities (e.g., like when testing mathematicians on digit span).
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Spatial Working Memory
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System involved in temporarily retaining information regarding spatial location.
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Object Memory
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System that temporarily retains information concerning visual features such as colour and shape.
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Working Memory Capacity (WMC)
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A measure of how much someone can process. Relates to the CE and STM as well as attention.
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Stroop Test
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WMC: A congruency test (e.g., participants must name the colour a word is written in with each word a colour name).
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N-back Test
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WMC: A string of letters are presented, participants must identify when a target letter was repeated 'N' letters ago.
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Cocktail-party Test
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WMC: Two phonological channels: 1) must be monitored; 2) nonsense. High WMC meant participants heard their name less when presented in nonsense channel.
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WM and Depression
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Those who are depressed often have lower WMC which means their minds wonder (rumination).
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Rumination
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Intrusive thoughts or negative thoughts of the past or future.
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Retrieval
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The use of cues to recover and bring to consciousness a target memory.
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Activation level
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The level of which a memory is accessible due to attention on associated cues. Increasing ease of retrieval.
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Encoding specific principle
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The higher the specificity of a cue with a memory the higher the likelihood/ease of retrieval.
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Retrieval mode
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Episodic memory: We have to be thinking of the 'right time' for retrieval. Association: Right Prefrontal Cortex.
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Context cues
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Retrieval cues pertaining to the conditions during encoding or decoding; such as spatial or temporal contexts.
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Direct/explicit memory
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Episodic memory: Conscious retrieval of a target memory dependent on contextual cues.
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Direct/explicit memory tests
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The retrieval of particular episodic memories requiring contextual cues.
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Memory test-type: Free recall
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Direct/explicit, "Recall studied items in any order."
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Memory test-type: Cued recall
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Direct/explicit, "What word did you study together with leap?"
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Memory test-type: Forced-choice recognition
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Direct/explicit, "Which did you study: ballet or monk?"
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Memory test-type: Yes/no recognition
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Direct/explicit, "Did you study ballet?"
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Indirect/implicit memory
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The retrieval of a memory which lacks any contextual cues. Relating to 'General knowledge'.
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Indirect/implicit memory tests
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Requires subject to recall associated memories and logically deduce the answer. General knowledge testing.
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Memory test-type: Lexical decision
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Indirect/implicit, "Is ballet a word? Is mokn a word?"
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Memory test-type: Word fragment completion
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Indirect/implicit, "Fill in the missing letters to form a word: b-l-e-."
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Memory test-type: Word stem completion
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Indirect/implicit, "Fill in the missing letters with anything that fits: bal."
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Memory test-type: Conceptual fluency
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Indirect/implicit, "Name all the dance types you can."
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Repetition priming
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Indirect/implicit: enhanced level of activation due to repeated exposure to a cue.
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Context-dependent memory
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Memory benefits when context cues are the same during decoding as they were during encoding.
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Mood-congruent memory
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The contextual cue of mood has been shown to improve all memories with the same associated mood.
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Mood-dependent memory
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Similarity between the mood during encoding and mood during decoding results in higher retrieval.
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Reconstructive Memory
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An active retrieval process by which gaps are filled based on background knowledge.
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Recognition memory
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Episodic memory: The process which allows us to decide whether we have encountered a stimulus in a particular context before.
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Signal theory
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Similar to Activation Level, if the stimulus does not ascertain enough signal strength, exceeding a particular level then the stimulus is deemed 'new'.
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Familiarity-based recognition
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Indirect/implicit: fast and automated recognition of stimuli based on its signal strength.
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Recollection
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Direct/explicit: The deliberate recognition of a memory based upon the retrieval of contextual cues.
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Dual-process theories of recognition
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Recognition includes both indirect, (fast) and direct (slow) processes, both familiarity and recollection processes.
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Remember/know procedure
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Tests meant to gauge whether participants are retrieving memories through indirect or direct processes. Based on whether stimuli has contextual information or is simply familiar.
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Process dissociation procedure (PDP)
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Two groups. One asked to recall both visual and oral stimuli. Other asked only the oral. Any visual stimuli recalled by the other group has been mistaken for oral (recall based on familiarity).
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Sourcing monitoring
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Process of determining the contextual origins of a memory in order to better categorize consciously.
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